<p>The Daniel Waring House, also known as Indian Hill, is located on River Road  just outside the village of Montgomery, New York, United States. It sits on a large parcel of land overlooking the Wallkill River at the junction of River Road and NY 17K, just opposite the western approach to Ward&#39;s Bridge.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that part of the house dates to the 18th century. Waring, a later resident, had the four-column temple-style Greek Revival front section built in the 1840s. It has been occupied since his time and remains a private residence. In 1995 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, along with several other buildings and structures on the property. The current resident, purchased the property from Richard James and Dora Holvey in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house sits on a 1.5 acre triangular lot on both sides of River Road. It slopes to the north and is elevated above grade level enough to provide good views of the river, bridge, and village across. A stone retaining wall, with a set of entrance steps in the middle, along the front of the property is a contributing structure to the listing. A modern swimming pool at the rear is not included. Nor are the ruins of two old mills in the steep sloping ground between the road and the river. Contributing outbuildings include a privy, wellhouse near the house and a large garage/barn to the east. There are other houses on the east and a woodlot on the west.</p><br>
<p>Indian Hill itself is a two-story, three-bay clapboard-sided frame house on a raised stone foundation. On the main block is a gabled roof with two large brick chimneys on the east side. There are wings on the side and rear.</p><br>
<p>The south (front) facade has four fluted Doric columns. A plain frieze runs around the main block&#39;s roofline. The main entrance, on the west end, has sidelights and a transom surrounded by flat pilasters supporting the cornice above it. A single raised panel is above both front windows. All windows have louvered shutters.</p><br>
<p>On the sides are two gabled one-story wings. A one-story kitchen wing, with a gable and chimney, projects from the rear, connecting to a two-story rear extension.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the house retains much of its original finish. A molded plaster cornice runs through most of the first floor rooms and the second-story hall. In the parlor and dining room, more flat pilasters support the cornice. Architraves surround the paneled field around each window.</p><br>
<p>The main stairway features a mahogany rail with a turned newel post and balusters. Both first and second floors have marble mantels, black and white respectively, unusual for Greek Revival houses in the area. The beehive oven in the kitchen wing still has its original cast iron door.</p><br>
<p>The most conspicuous contributing building is the barn/garage, a one-and-a-half-story frame structure with rear ell on the east side of a carport at the end of the unpaved driveway. The privy is on the other side of the driveway, and the wellhouse on the south side, near the stone retaining wall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Amy Eliza Crist, a descendant of one of the earliest families to settle the land around today&#39;s Montgomery, sold the 16 acre that include the current house property to Waring, a successful local miller, for $4,764 ($ in contemporary dollars). Waring lived in a still-extant house on Clinton Street in the village at the time, and stored the lumber for the house he planned to build on the property in one of his own rear outbuildings. It burned, prolonging the construction of the house.</p><br>
<p>The Crists had built the first mills on the future Waring property, and local tradition holds that the kitchen wing was left over from one of the Crist houses. Waring&#39;s use of not only the Greek Revival style, but a very high application of the style featuring the only colonnade on a Greek Revival house in the Town of Montgomery, with lavish interior decor reflects his prosperity and taste. The stone wall was part of the original house plan.</p><br>
<p>He died in 1881, leaving the house to his daughter and son-in-law, Sarah and Thomas Stratton. The son-in-law had bought a large gristmill across the Wallkill from the house, and ran it until it became unprofitable around 1900. During the Strattons&#39; time in the house, the privy and wellhouse were added.</p><br>
<p>Stratton sold it to a Charles Kaune in 1911. He added the large barn, later to be used as a garage, around 1920. Throughout the rest of the 20th century it passed through a succession of owners. Two of them, in the 1970s and 1990s, restored the house.</p><br>
<p>The Long Island City Courthouse is located at 25-10 Court Square in Long Island City, Queens, in New York City. It formerly housed Criminal Court, County Court, the District Attorney staff, and the county sheriff&#39;s office. Today the Courthouse is another home to the Civil Term of Supreme Court, Queens County, which also sits in Jamaica. The courthouse was originally designed by the architect George Hathorne and built in 1874. It was remodeled and enlarged by Peter M. Coco in 1904 after a fire destroyed a portion of it. It was considered to be one of the most important buildings in Queens County.</p><br>
<p>In its remodeling the building was raised from two stories to four stories in order to accommodate the needs of the court. The courthouse is designed in what has been variously described as a Neo-English Renaissance, neoclassical, or Beaux Arts architectural style and is made of stone, ceramic tile, limestone, and metal.</p><br>
<p>Two jails were formerly part of the complex, but were replaced by a parking garage in 1988. The parking structure was designed by Chicago-based architectural firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.</p><br>
<p>The Long Island City Courthouse complex is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and was designated a New York City landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The location was decided on as the Queens County Seat moved from Jamaica to Long Island City, due to access to nearby train lines.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>An article in Newsday written by staff writer Geoffrey Mohan</p><br>
<p>gives an interesting historical account of the relocation of the Queens County Courthouse from Garden City Park, Nassau County, and then to Long Island City, and refers to this relocation as one of decades of controversy, and possible reasons contributing to county secession.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse and its surrounding complex has undergone rejuvenation and renovations in the past few years.</p><br>
<p>Liz Skalka, a Chronicle correspondent, reported on August 24, 2006 that:</p><br>
<p>"The ornate courthouse began undergoing repairs in May that included renovations on its brick exterior and new roofing on the main building and its wings. Both are to protect against water damage. A prominent third floor courtroom, noted for its two story stained glass ceiling, is also being restored, and will receive new wooden flooring similar to its original. The entire project is expected to take about a year."</p><br>
<p>Phillip Island is an uninhabited island located 6 km south of Norfolk Island in the Southwest Pacific, and part of the Norfolk Island group. It was named in 1788 by Lieutenant Philip Gidley King for Arthur Phillip, the first Governor of New South Wales. It is part of the Australian territory of Norfolk Island. It is included in Norfolk Island National Park, as is neighbouring Nepean Island, and about 10 per cent of Norfolk Island proper. Phillip Island has an area of 190 hectare, measuring 2.1 km from west to east and 1.95 km from north to south, with the highest point, Jacky Jacky, 280 m above sea level. It is roughly shaped like a hairdryer with the nozzle pointing east. The island is of volcanic origin, made of basaltic tuff and lava dating from the Miocene epoch. Phillip Island is included on the Register of the National Estate.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Plants</h3><br>
<p>The vegetation of Phillip Island was devastated due to the introduction, during Norfolks penal colony era, of pest animals such as pigs, goats and rabbits. This caused massive erosion, giving the island a reddish-brown colour as viewed from Norfolk, due to the absence of topsoil. However, the pigs and goats were removed by the early 20th century, and rabbits were exterminated by 1988. Since then, natural regeneration of native species and weeds, and remediation work by park staff, has brought considerable improvement to Phillip Islands environment. Revegetation is currently underway. A substantial proportion of the areas which were bare before rabbit eradication began is now well vegetated, though much is weed species. Considering most of the islands surface was completely devoid of vegetation before rabbit control, the rate of vegetation development and soil formation is extraordinary. Burrow-nesting seabirds now have colonies where soil was absent before rabbit eradication. Reforestation of Norfolk Island pine on Phillip was assisted in the late 1980s by a C130E Hercules from the RAAFs No. 37 Squadron based in Richmond. Record crops of Norfolk pine seeds were collected and aerial seeded on Phillip Island by the Hercules aircraft. Phillip island has a vascular flora of about 80 species. Three plant species are endemic to Phillip Island. (Achyranthes margaretarum) was discovered there after the rabbits had gone, and the current small population of this species is derived from the single original plant discovered. (Abutilon julianae) was rediscovered on Phillip Island when the rabbits had almost been eradicated; it had been believed extinct for more than seventy years. The third plant that grows only on this island is the (Hibiscus insularis).</p><br>
<h3>Animals</h3><br>
<p>Despite the environmental degradation, the lack of feral cats and rats on the island has allowed some animals to persist there after having become extinct on Norfolk; however, there are extinct species who lived on both islands such as the Norfolk kaka. Two terrestrial reptiles, a gecko (Christinus guentheri), and a skink (Cyclodina lichenigera), have been recorded. It is an important breeding site for 12 species of seabirds, including the providence petrel, Kermadec petrel, white-necked petrel, wedge-tailed shearwater, Australasian gannet, sooty tern (known locally as the whale bird), red-tailed tropicbird and grey noddy. The sooty tern has traditionally been subject to seasonal egg harvesting. Phillip Island has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA), separate from the Norfolk Island IBA, because it supports small but increasing populations of providence and white-necked petrels, as well as over 1% of the world population of grey noddies.</p><br>
<p>Council Grove Historic District is a National Historic Landmark  located in Council Grove, Kansas, United States.</p><br>
<p>The site was named for the occasion of an 1825 treaty negotiation between the Osage Indians and the US Federal government which guaranteed the Santa Fe caravans safe passage through Osage territory. It was a natural stopping place on the Santa Fe Trail owing to its water, abundant grass for grazing, and timber.</p><br>
<p>The historic district, is not geographically continuous, consisting of six separated sites. These include some Santa Fe Trail ruts, the Hays Tavern, the Seth Hays House, the Council Oak, the Post Office Oak, and the Last Chance Store.</p><br>
<p>The Council Oak, a tree under which the treaty was negotiated and/or signed, was destroyed in a storm in 1958, but the stump was preserved.</p><br>
<p>Lake Rotorangi is the largest lake in the New Zealand region of Taranaki. The reservoir was created in 1984 by the damming of the Patea River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lake Rotorangi was formed in 1984 as a reservoir for generating electricity. The lake was formed by building an 80-metre high earth wall dam near the end of Ball Road in South Taranaki District. The dam created then filled the Patea River valley for a distance of about 46 kilometres to make the longest reservoir of its type in New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>The Patea Dam is owned by Trust Power and rated at 31 MW output (115 GWh per annum). Patea is operated as a peaking station. With around one week&#39;s storage capacity, the station generates electricity over periods when electricity prices are highest. It is also a public camping ground, used in the summer time for various water sports.</p><br>
<p>Hollins Market is the name of the oldest existing public market building in the city of Baltimore, Maryland. It is a contributing property to the Union Square-Hollins Market Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The market, located at 26 South Arlington Ave just west of downtown Baltimore, runs the length of the 1100 block of Hollins St between South Arlington and South Carrollton Avenues. In 1829 the city granted the petition of a piano manufacturer named Joseph Newman and his brother Elias Newman, who together in 1842 founded Newman & Bros., (of whose pianos two are in the inventory of the Smithsonian), to erect a market house at their own expense on land donated by banker George B. Dunbar. That structure blew down in a windstorm in 1838; the market was rebuilt and opened the following year. The market was expanded in 1864 through a $23,000 appropriation by the city to construct the Italianate addition. The market is 29,803 ft&sup2</p><br>
<p>The Hollins Market building is at the center of the Hollins Market neighborhood. It is the geographical heart of what many refer to as Sowebo, and on the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend, is the center of an arts festival called. Hollins Market is open Tuesday through Thursday 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., Friday and Saturday from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. It is closed on Sundays and Mondays. In the early 1900s, many other businesses flourished around the market on Hollins St and other adjacent streets, including Riggys Bar, Zirclears Bakery, Santos Barbershop, etc. Actually Santo Scalco thought that it was such a great location, that he moved his barbershop from across the street from the Whitehouse where he cut several Presidents hair to 1141 Hollins St., which was at Hollins St. and Carrollton Ave.</p><br>
<p>The 1990 Barry Levinson film Avalon depicts Hollins Market in the mid-1900s.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Castillo is a jagged rocky peak located in the Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region of Chile, within the Cerro Castillo National Reserve. Castillo means castle in Spanish, and the steep basalt walls of the mountain indeed make it look like one. On its sides are a few small glaciers and lakes fed by them.</p><br>
<h2>Approach</h2><br>
<p>Cerro Castillo is 75 km south of the city of Coyhaique along Carretera Austral. There is a small village Villa Cerro Castillo just off the road. The base of the mountain can be approached from the road in one day along Estero Parada river. An alternative is the excellent 4-day hike that starts on a spot called Las Horquetas Grandes on Carretera Austral, goes through forests, has two river crossings (no bridges), and goes over a 1,400 m mountain pass adjacent to the rock walls of Cerro Castillo. The area is remote and sees less than one hiking party per day during the season.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>First ascent: February 10, 1966, a party of Chilean university students Gastón Oyarzun, Osvaldo Latorre, Antonio Marcel and Raúl Aguilera climb north (north east) side gully.</p><br>
<p>Second ascent: February 4, 1976 Nick Groves (GB) with New Zealand climbers Tom Clarkson, Mike Searle, John Mayrick y and Lauchi Duff reapeted Chilean route and finished a 20 m under the summit.</p><br>
<p>Third ascent: December 5, 1982 Yugoslavs Tone Golnar and Ljubo Hansel, New Zealander David Waugh and South Korean Chil Kyou Son teamed together to make the first ascent of the southeast face of Cerro Castillo. The route followed a 55° ice couloir (in places much steeper) in the center of the face. The descent required sixteen 50 m rappels.V, 90°/IV, 50-80°, 700 (1400 m),6 h (10 h).</p><br>
<p>Next ascents: On January 26, 1987 Gino Buscaini and Silvia Metzeltin Buscaini climbed an 800-meter-high, snow-and-ice couloir which had an angle of 55° in the upper part of the west face of Cerro Castillo (Coyhaiquel; 2670 meters) in Chile. We climbed the whole couloir to the col (2570 meters) on the summit ridge. They did not continue on to the summit because of a snow storm.</p><br>
<p>October 2003, first repetition of Supercouloire on southeast wall Chilean climbers Pablo Crovetto, Rodrigo Fica and Spanish companion Eduardo Mondragón.</p><br>
<p>October 2008, second repetition of Supercouloire by Carlos Buhler and Joan Sole. They descended to the north side gully.</p><br>
<p>Sumas Mountain is a mountain located in Whatcom County, Washington, 15 miles northeast of Bellingham and southwest of Vedder Mountain. Located in the Skagit Range the mountain is notable for its high biodiversity and year-round hiking trails. It is sometimes referred to as American Sumas to distinguish it from an identically named mountain just to the north in British Columbia. It is largely owned by the Washington Department of Natural Resources, but some parcels are privately held. While the public land is open for recreation, it is managed primarily for timber harvest. Clearcuts are present on many slopes and most all the remaining forest is in varying stages of recovery and regrowth.</p><br>
<p>Washington State Route 547, which traverses a low pass on the mountain&#39;s northern flank, runs northwest from the Mount Baker Highway, (SR 542) in Kendall to SR 9 in Sumas, which is located on the Canada–United States border and south of Abbotsford, British Columbia. The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad once traversed the same pass.</p><br>
<p>The controversial Swift Creek Landslide is located on the mountain&#39;s western slope.</p><br>
<p>The Bristol County Courthouse Complex Historic District contains three historic buildings located along Court Street in Taunton, Massachusetts, including the Bristol County Superior Courthouse, the Bristol County Registry of Deeds and the former First District Courthouse. The city’s Korean War and World War II Memorials are also located on the lawn in front of the superior courthouse. The Bristol County Courthouse Complex directly abuts the Taunton Green Historic District, the City&#39;s central square.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, an $86 million expansion and renovation project began at the site which is scheduled to include the construction of a new trial court and restoration of the superior courthouse.</p><br>
<h2>Bristol County Superior Courthouse</h2><br>
<p>The Bristol County Superior Courthouse was designed by architect Frank Irving Cooper from nearby Bridgewater and built in 1894 in the Romanesque-style. The stone structure contains a 170 ft tall central tower capped with a copper dome. The building&#39;s large hip roof is also entirely clad in copper. The superior courthouse is the fourth courthouse to be located on or near this site since 1747, when Taunton became the shire town (county seat) for Bristol County, Massachusetts, after Bristol was split off from the Bay State and became part of Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The dome was originally topped with a 15-foot copper flame, which was taken down in 2003 after being deemed a "potential hazard." Despite some calls to restore it, the 300-pound torch remains in storage as of 2015.</p><br>
<p>Since 2013, the courthouse has been home to a pair of nesting peregrine falcons.</p><br>
<p>Bristol County, Massachusetts also contains historic superior courthouses in Fall River and New Bedford.</p><br>
<h3>Law Library</h3><br>
<p>The district&#39;s law library is located in the upper floor dome section of the courthouse. It includes dozens of stacks of various law-related publications, including other library services.</p><br>
<h3>War Memorials</h3><br>
<p>Located on the front lawn of the superior courthouse are the city of Taunton&#39;s memorials to the World War II (installed in 1987) and the Korean War (installed in 1988).</p><br>
<h2>Bristol County Registry of Deeds</h2><br>
<p>The Bristol County Registry of Deeds is located at 11 Court Street, just north of the superior courthouse. It was built in 1904 and designed by architect Albion M. Marble of Fall River. It is constructed in brick and limestone in the Colonial Revival style. Together with a location in Attleboro, the Registry of Deeds contains all the property transaction records for the northern part of Bristol County, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Taunton District Courthouse</h2><br>
<p>The former Taunton District Courthouse is a Greek Revival-style building located at 15 Court Street. It was originally constructed in 1826 as the county courthouse at the site of the current superior courthouse, but moved to its current location in the 1890s. Constructed in red brick, the building features a white wooden portico and copper-capped cupola on the roof.</p><br>
<p>The building has been plagued by water leakage and other structural problems, and also does not meet current ADA regulations which led to the district court business to be moved to a temporary location in the city of Taunton.</p><br>
<h3>Temporary location</h3><br>
<p>The Taunton District Courthouse is currently located in a temporary location in the city’s former century-old Cohannet Middle School building on Cohannet Street. It will serve as the city’s trial court until a new permanent location is completed on a location northeast of the current superior courthouse, with access from Broadway.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hill rises from the rolling farmland about three miles north west of Cupar in North East Fife, Scotland. On its summit stands the 29 m high Hopetoun Monument, which is visible for many miles around.</p><br>
<p>The Hopetoun Monument was erected by the people of Cupar in 1826 in memory of the British soldier John Hope, 4th Earl of Hopetoun (1765–1823). The monument takes the form of a giant Roman Doric column, and is protected as a category B listed building. The inscription on the monument reads:</p><br>
<p>Prior to succeeding to the earldom, John Hope served at the Battle of Alexandria in 1801 and, later, in the Peninsular War (1808–1814) where he was knighted for his heroic deeds at the Battle of Corunna. There is another similar Hopetoun Monument on Byres Hill near Haddington in East Lothian which was built in 1824.</p><br>
<p>At present the summit of Mount Hill affords an excellent panorama due to the felling of the forestry plantation around the monument. The monument is easily accessible by forest tracks.</p><br>
<p>Poro Island is an island in the province of Cebu, located east of Cebu Island and west of Leyte Island. Two municipalities, Poro and Tudela, are located on Poro Island. It is one of the four Camotes Islands along with Pacijan Island, Ponson Island, and Tulang Island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island hosts various caves. One example is the Bukilat Cave which is a large natural cavern in the southeastern part of the island. Because of naturally formed piercings in its canopy, the interior is well illuminated. There are many stalactite and stalagmite formations in the cave. It was used as a shelter for Poro Island residents during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during the World War II era. Busay and Pangunuron Falls are among the waterfalls in the island.</p><br>
<p>Buho Rock is a hole in a cliff wall said to have been formed when a Spanish warship mistook it for an enemy ship in the mist and fired cannon into it. It is reached by a stone staircase, and offers views of Poro and the sea.</p><br>
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<p>Peachcroft, sometimes referred to as the James Wilson Brown House, is located along River Road  between Walden and Montgomery in the Town of Montgomery, New York, United States. It is built in a combination of the Federal and Queen Anne architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>The former came from Brown, the original builder of the house; the latter from renovations by the Millspaugh family, who moved in in the later 19th century and established many businesses, among them a furniture store still in business Walden. Peachcroft remains the center of a working farm of almost a hundred acres that backs on the Wallkill River. In 1994 it and three outbuildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house and farm are along the east side of River Road 1.3 mi southwest of Walden. Mature trees surround the house, with the outbuildings to its northeast. The 98 acre farm extends to both sides of the road. The surrounding land on either side of the road is fields bounded by woodlots. Its south boundary is the river. Its other boundaries are with neighboring farms, with some houses on nearby small roadside lots being the only other development in the area.</p><br>
<p>A short unpaved driveway leads from River Road to the house. It is a two-and-a-half-story, three-bay frame house on a raised stone foundation. It is topped by a gabled roof shingled in fish-scale slate. A tower with an octagonal peaked roof and finial rises from the south end, and a brick chimney from the north (the tower has a small brick chimney as well). Most of the house is sided in clapboard, except for the gable of a projecting extension on the south end of the west (front) facade, done in cedar shake and the front and side, shingled in asbestos.</p><br>
<p>The front facade has a porch, with a shallow pitched hipped roof supported by turned columns running all the way to the addition. The projecting front bay, two stories in height, has a gabled roof of its own.</p><br>
<p>The interior follows a side hall plan. Inside trim reflects both the Federal and Victorian eras. From the former are the two keystone arches on either side of the parlor mantel, and the cherry spindles and banister on the second floor and attic. At that level, the ribs of the house&#39;s original gambrel roof are still visible inside.</p><br>
<p>The outbuilding complex is dominated by an old barn, a two-and-a-half-story frame building with an extension of similar height. The original section is faced in wide horizontal siding while the extension is done in novelty siding. A nearby shed and chicken coop are the other two contributing outbuildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest known owner of the property was Philip Millspaugh, a German Palatine immigrant to the region in the early 18th century. A contemporary map shows him on the property in 1734. An old door still in the attic of Peachcroft may be a remnant of his house.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the current farmhouse appears to date to around 1800. The Millspaugh family kept the property until 1870, when Catherine Millspaugh sold it to Robert Wilson Brown for $10,000 ($ in contemporary dollars). He had made a fortune in the California gold rush and mainly used the house as an investment property. In 1891 he gave it to his daughter and her new husband as a wedding gift.</p><br>
<p>Jonathan Hawkins, Brown&#39;s son-in-law and grandfather of the present owner, hired a carpenter from Montgomery to renovate the house. At this time the gambrel roof was covered over with the gable and the tower added, so Hawkins could watch over the whole property. The front wing was added as well. Hawkins named the property Peachcroft, since that was one of his initial crops, along with potatoes and sheep.</p><br>
<p>He died in 1933 and the property passed to his son, Clarence. The son&#39;s major change to the property was to split off a small lot on the west and sell it for the construction of two houses. For a long time these were the only ones visible from the farmhouse. Upon his death, it became the property of his wife and son, and finally that of the son, Jonathan Curtis Hawkins, alone when the widow died in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the listing on the Register Hawkins restored the house. In the late 20th century the town acquired the development rights as part of its farmland preservation efforts.</p><br>
<p>The John R. Hays House is located on Maple Street in Walden, New York. Hayes, a prominent local businessman of the late 19th century and officer in the 124th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Civil War, built it in a Second Empire style.</p><br>
<p>It has been largely unaltered since its original construction. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is a two-by-two-bay two-story building on a rubblestone foundation mostly exposed in front by the downward slope of the property. Clapboard siding gives way to a decorated frieze and bracketed cornice at the roofline. The mansard roof is shingled in modern asphalt that resembles the slate that was originally used.</p><br>
<p>A single round-arched dormer window on the east of the roof is complemented by a gabled dormer with double window next to that itself tops two stories of oriel windows. Next to it, the main entrance is framed by a porch which wraps around the eastern side of the house. It is fronted with a balustrade of scroll sawn panels, and a set of stairs drops to the ground in front of the double-doored entrance.</p><br>
<p>Other than the porch, the east facade is much less decorative than the front, with a single window in each bay on both stories. There is another pair of stairs on this side. The west elevation has just the windows. The south is where the slightly offset single-story rear wing is connected.</p><br>
<p>The interior follows a side hall plan. The staircase from the entry hall has a turned newel and balusters with a detailed handrail. A four-paneled wooden door leads into the front parlor, where a round-arched entryway opens into the oriel window. Many other rooms in the house are still decorated and finished as they originally were.</p><br>
<p>A small barn in the rear of the property has since been converted into its garage, but retains most of its original finishings. It is considered a contributing resource to the NRHP listing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hays, who was born in Walden in 1840, served in the 124th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a locally raised unit known as the "Orange Blossoms", during the Civil War. He saw action in many important battles of the conflict, including Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg and Gettysburg. After being wounded, he was honorably discharged as a lieutenant and returned home.</p><br>
<p>There, he served as the local agent for the Wallkill Valley Railroad, which ran through the eastern section of the village. He built the house in 1874, two years before moving on to other businesses, including service as the vice president of several local banks. He was active in veterans&#39; affairs, including raising money for the monument to the Orange Blossoms in the center of the village, a short walk from the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 the rear wing was added to the house, the only substantial revision to its original design. Twelve years later, when Hays died, the village mourned the loss of "one of its foundation stones" during a period in which it had prospered and greatly expanded.</p><br>
<p>Old Town Eureka  in Eureka, California, is listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. This Historic district is a 350 acre area containing 154 buildings mostly from the Victorian era. The core of the district runs the length of First, Second, and Third Streets, between "C" and "M" Streets and includes many types of architecture from the 1850s to the present. Though not officially within the district, the Carson Mansion, the undisputed Victorian jewel of the city and region, commands the highest elevation at the eastern edge of the district. Art venues, coffee shops, bed and breakfasts and inns, antique stores and shops, restaurants, museums and galleries, and public areas  are among the highlights of this gem of the West Coast. Of particular note is the remarkable authenticity of the district simply because it did not suffer the ravages of extensive fires or redevelopment like many other historic commercial centers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city began as an 1850 settlement on the edge of Humboldt Bay where the district is today. Developers and settlers planned for Eureka to aid in the provision of miners working inland to the east. By 1865 the central core of what would become Eurekas "Old Town" was considered "a lively place for a small town, full of business and with plenty of money... the roads beyond Second street (the equivalent of "Main" Street) were covered with stumps from the (recently logged) Redwood forest and not yet open.&#39;</p><br>
<h2>Old Town today</h2><br>
<p>Old Town is the thriving, cultural heart of Eureka, California and the region. The area is an attraction for visitors and locals alike. Its placement on the California North Coast is indisputably beautiful. The area, often shrouded in fog and very definitely behind the Redwood Curtain, is very different from the rest of California. The vibrant art scene that has grown up there in the final decades of the 20th century led to the declaration that the city was one of the 100 best art towns in America. Among restaurants and inns, are multiple bed and breakfasts, including the award-winning Carter House Inn Restaurant 301, noted for repeatedly winning the "Grand Award" from Wine Spectator Magazine due to extensive collection of wine.</p><br>
<p>The Clarke Historical Museum is located at the corner of 3rd and E Streets. The collection includes extensive representation of basketry of indigenous native cultures throughout the region and regional and cultural history, with focus on the Victorian era.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Blues By the Bay occurs in late summer on City of Eureka property below the Carson Mansion.</p><br>
<p>First Saturday Arts Alive! occurs each month in the Old Town and Downtown sections of Eureka. More than 80 local galleries and other shops display local art to the public. The open house event often features wine, non-alcoholic drinks, and hors doeuvres. Musicians, performers, jugglers, poets and fire dancers perform on street corners as well as in shops and galleries. The event often coincides with performances of the Eureka Symphony in the Arkley Performance Center in the refurbished "Old" State Theater Building. Children can be safely cared for in the Discovery Museum, while parents participate in the North States largest ongoing community arts event.</p><br>
<p>Old Town Eureka has a street-fair Fourth of July celebration followed by fireworks over the bay.</p><br>
<h2>Examples of historic architecture in Old Town</h2><br>
<p>The Ammer Saddle  is a high mountain pass in the Alps on the border between Tyrol, Austria and Bavaria, Germany.</p><br>
<p>The pass is located in the Ammergau region of southern Bavaria. It leads from Ettal near Oberammergau (in the Landkreis Garmisch-Partenkirchen) to Reutte in northwest Tyrol. The Ammer Saddle is the pass between the Ammergauer Hochplatte (2082 m.) on the northwest, the Scheinbergspitz (1926 m.) on the north, the Kreuzspitze (2185 m.) in the southeast, and the Geierköpfe (2161 m.) in the southwest. The first three of these peaks are in Germany, and the Geierköpfe in Austria.</p><br>
<p>The pass road has a maximum grade of 12 percent. It is mostly fairly straight, although somewhat more winding near the pass. It leaves the German Bundesstraße 23 at Ettal and joins the Austrian Fernpass Straße (B 179) at Reutte. From the northeast, it leads through the Graswang Valley along the Linder River, a tributary of the Amper (or Ammer) that partly drains away into the chalky soil. The road passes Ludwig II of Bavaria&#39;s castle of Linderhof. On the Austrian side, it passes the Plansee.</p><br>
<p>The King George V Reservoir, also known as King George&#39;s Reservoir, is located in the London Borough of Enfield and is part of the Lee Valley Reservoir Chain that supplies London with drinking water. The storage reservoir is bordered by Sewardstone and Chingford to the east and Brimsdown and Ponders End to the west, and covers 420 acres , making it the largest in London. The reservoir and the nearby William Girling Reservoir are known collectively as the Chingford Reservoirs, and are owned and managed by Thames Water.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was conceived as part of an overall plan for the Lea Valley and was laid before the Royal Commission on Water Supply (Balfour Committee) in 1893. At this time the responsible authority was the East London Waterworks Company. However, under the Provisions of the Metropolis Water Act of 1902, the undertakings of this as well as seven other companies were transferred to the Metropolitan Water Board.</p><br>
<p>Construction was started in 1908 and completed in 1912. The reservoir was opened by H.M.King George V in 1913, hence the name.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was formed by the construction of a continuous embankment on the floodplain of the River Lea at Chingford. An earth embankment divides the reservoir into two compartments that are connected by three large diameter culverts. The external grassed embankment consists of a central puddle clay core with shoulder filling comprising a mixture of river terraced gravels and alluvial deposits.</p><br>
<p>Located in the NW corner is the original inlet pumping station by W.B. Bryan and finished in red brick and Portland stone. Still in situ are three of the five gas-fuelled liquid-piston pumps designed by H. A. Humphrey. In 1970 these were made redundant by the installation of a vertical spindle electric pump.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The water is part of the Chingford Reservoirs Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). It is a major wintering ground for wildfowl and wetland birds, including nationally important numbers of some species. The water also forms a moult refuge for a large population of wildfowl during the late summer months. A total of 85 wetland species have been recorded here in recent years.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir is popular with birdwatchers, and is home to the King George Sailing Club. Permits and a key are required to visit the water. Both can be obtained from Thames Water.</p><br>
<h2>Water supply</h2><br>
<p>Water is supplied to the reservoir from the New River and the River Lee Diversion.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Vehicular access is at Lea Valley Road A110</p><br>
<p>Ponders End railway station</p><br>
<p>London Buses route 313</p><br>
<p>The Embassy of the United States of America in Berlin is the diplomatic mission of the United States of America in the Federal Republic of Germany. The USA Embassy in Germany has not always been in Berlin, with the current complex opening in July 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Embassy history</h2><br>
<h3>1797–1930</h3><br>
<p>The USA Embassy in Berlin probably began with the 1797 appointment of John Quincy Adams to the then capital of Prussia, Berlin. At the time these missions in Berlin, Prussia were called legations, and there were other American legations in other parts of what would later become a unified German state. There were breaks in these formative years of German-American diplomatic relations where there was no official American diplomatic presence in Berlin. After the late 19th century the term embassy would be used to describe the American mission to the new unified German empire. There was also a break in relations with Germany during World War I. In these early years the embassy (or legation) of the USA in Berlin changed as frequently as a new Ambassador changed his residence, the two being the same. The last temporary embassy location was on Bendlerstraße 39 (now Stauffenbergstraße), close to the Tiergarten.</p><br>
<h3>1930–1941</h3><br>
<p>In 1930 the Blücher Palace, located on Pariser Platz, was purchased as a new and permanent home for the USA Embassy in Berlin. There was a fire in the Blücher Palace on April 15, 1931 before it could be fully utilized and converted for Embassy use. Money shortages in America, due to the Depression, plus soured relations with the Nazi regime (after 1933) further delayed the refurbishing of the damaged building. In fact Ambassador Dodd asked the State Department not to rebuild or refurbish on the site because of the use of Pariser Platz as a Nazi showcase for rallies and marches. In the meantime the Embassy operated out of a location in the Tiergarten area on Stauffenbergstraße (then known as Bendlerstraße). In 1938 Ambassador Hugh Wilson (Dodds replacement) was recalled to the USA by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in protest over the Kristallnacht (the rampage orchestrated by the Nazis against Jews in Germany). In 1939 American Embassy staff moved into the chancery on Pariser Platz, now refurbished and usable, but made the move somewhat under duress because Nazi building head Albert Speer had ordered embassies in the Tiergarten area vacated in preparation for the grand Nazi city plan called Germania. From 1939 to 1941 there was no Ambassador assigned to Berlin, and the Embassy was led by a Chargé daffaires. With World War II underway, and the USA still a non-combatant, the staff at the embassy had placed large letters spelling "USA" on the roof of the building hoping this might help avert British bombings. Nevertheless, British bombing of Berlin brought bomb damage to the USA Embassy chancery, and its temporary closure &ndash; or so it was thought. Four days after the attack on Pearl Harbor the USA and Germany were at war and the embassy ceased operations altogether and its personnel were interned for five and a half months in the Grand Hotel Jeschke at Bad Nauheim (United States Chargé d&#39;Affaires Leland B. Morris and famous American diplomat George F. Kennan were part of this interned group). The Swiss, as a neutral state, took over the building for the rest of the war.</p><br>
<p>US Consul William Russell wrote a book about his experiences during the early stages of the Second World War in the book Berlin Embassy.</p><br>
<h3>Mission Berlin (1945–1990)</h3><br>
<p>At war&#39;s end the USA Embassy, now even more severely damaged by many months of Allied bombing, was just barely inside East Berlin (Soviet zone), straddling the demarcation between the Soviet and American sectors. The East German government would later demolish the ruins of the Embassy building in April 1957. In 1949 Bonn became the capital of West Germany, and a USA Embassy was opened there. The Soviet-supported state of East Germany (GDR) was set up at the same time, and despite Allied objections, East Berlin was made its capital. For many years, United States of America did not recognize Berlin as the capital of the GDR, asserting that Berlin should only be the capital of a unified Germany, thus the temporary West German capital in the unlikely town of Bonn.</p><br>
<p>However, in lieu of an Embassy, the USA State Department had a presence in West Berlin called USA Mission Berlin (also sometimes referred to with the acronym USBER). Mission Berlin was located on Clayallee in the upscale suburban part of West Berlin called Zehlendorf. Berlin was an occupied city (a title held until 1994, when foreign forces official left the Berlin), with a status very different than any other part of East or West Germany. Under these conditions USA Mission Berlin was in many matters under the authority of the commanding USA General in West Berlin, and not under the authority of the USA Embassy in Bonn, thus operating in a historically unique position. The General in charge would sometimes give direction and orders to USA State Department personnel as the need arose. Perhaps the best example of this involved E. Allan Lightner, head of the USA Mission (c. 1959-1963) who was involved in the Checkpoint Charlie incident of 1961, which led to a standoff of American and Soviet military forces. Nevertheless, the Mission also wielded considerable influence in its own right: if the city of Berlin wanted to nominate someone into the higher ranks of the city police department, and the USA Mission would have to approve the nomination for it to go forward — an example of occupation power authority vested in the USA Mission.</p><br>
<p>The USA Mission to Berlin was housed in a building that was part of a series of structures that formed the former headquarters of the Luftwaffe for Berlin defense during the Nazi years. This complex became the headquarters of the Berlin Brigade, part of the United States Army Berlin command in Berlin during the Cold War years. On the end of some of these buildings were Nazi ornamentations. The purely Nazi symbols were removed, but large cement eagles can still be seen at the corners of some of the buildings (including the one to be used by USA Mission Berlin) minus the swastikas that used to be below their feet.</p><br>
<p>The complex had numerous buildings, several of which were quite large. One of these had one portion of one its wings serve as the USA State Department&#39;s Consular functions. Unique to Berlin at that time, USA Army Military Police served as guards to this USA State Department facility, instead of the normal Marine Security Guard contingent at all other USA Embassies. The presence of USA Marines at the Mission might have been seen as a movement towards establishing a full-fledged Embassy, which the USA was careful to avoid.</p><br>
<h3>Embassy in East Berlin (1974–1990)</h3><br>
<p>Throughout the time Berlin was under four-power control, the USA was insistent that Berlin, East or West, should not be considered a capital until Berlin was unified. Relations with the East German state were hampered because of this policy, and by the erection of the Berlin Wall in 1961. The wall made the site of the former USA Embassy, still owned by the USA government, an inaccessible vacant lot that was part of the security zone separating east and west Berliners. The site became accessible after the Berlin Wall came down in November 1989, but remained a vacant lot until the 2004 groundbreaking for construction of a brand new USA Embassy.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s the USA, along with most other western states, decided to grant diplomatic recognition to East Germany. However, this recognition did not extend to recognizing East Berlin as part of the GDR or its capital. The treaties establishing the USA Embassy in East Berlin referred only to East Germany&#39;s "seat of government." Since 1977, the facility was located at Neustädtische Kirchstrasse 4-5, several blocks from the former Palais Blücher site in the Mitte district. The embassy building was built in the late 19th century as a club for Prussian officers, and after World War I became the home to a craft guild. This five-storey, gabled building was leased to the USA by the East Germans. The building no longer retains any of its original interior features. The exterior retains much of its original stone facade.</p><br>
<h3>1990–present</h3><br>
<p>With the fall of the Berlin wall and the unification of Berlin in 1989–1990, the USA State Department found itself with two main office facilities in one city: a Chancery in the former East Berlin, Mitte district (USA Mission to East Germany), and the Clay building in the Zehlendorf district of the former West Berlin (USA Mission Berlin). In accordance with the reality of a unified Berlin that was now part of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Department of State announced that, effective October 3, 1990, the status of the United States Embassy to East Germany and of the United States Mission Berlin were to be changed. The two missions were closed and replaced by a single representation under the title United States Embassy Office Berlin. It was further announced that this new entity would function as an integral part of the USA Embassy to the Federal Republic of Germany located in Bonn. From 1990 to 1998 Embassy Office Berlin would act as a satellite of the Embassy in Bonn.</p><br>
<p>The 1990 announcement also indicated that "during a transition phase, some functions, including consular services for Berlin and the territory of the former GDR, will also be carried out at the location of the present United States Mission at Clayallee". That transition phase would turn into what is seemingly a permanent presence in the Clay compound for some of the Embassy&#39;s functions.</p><br>
<p>For several more years (1990–1994) Allied and Soviet/Russian forces remained in Berlin. In 1994 American, British, French and Russian forces removed their remaining troops, leaving Berlin no longer an occupied city. In September 1998 the Embassy in Bonn began a year-long migration to Berlin, and for that year there was, as the USA Embassy described it, “one Embassy, two locations”. Contentions arose during this period as not all locally hired Embassy personnel in Bonn were needed in Berlin. Some employees quit, some were transferred to other USA facilities in Germany (other than Berlin or Bonn), and some transferred Berlin.</p><br>
<p>Starting in 1999, the USA Embassy in Germany was located only in Berlin. 1941 was the last time Berlin had been the host city to an American Embassy. Until 2008 the Embassy continued to operate from the Chancery (the Neustädtische Kirchstrasse 4-5 building in the Mitte district of Berlin) and an Annex (the Clayallee building). The new building officially opened on July 4, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Consular functions are carried out at the Clay building, as they were during the occupation. Many Berliners still commonly refer to the Clayallee building as the "Consulate", even though it is an annex to the Chancery. After the USA Army left Berlin in 1994, this building in its entirety became a USA State Department facility. The other buildings part of the Clay headquarters (USA Army) have largely reverted to the German government. The Clay building is located in the southern part of Berlin six kilometers from the main Chancery.</p><br>
<p>Since 2001, the streets around the Neustädtische Kirchstrasse building had been closed and heavily fortified with barriers and fencing. These security measures were removed as soon as the embassy had completely moved to the Pariser Platz building in May 2008.</p><br>
<h4>Non-German employees</h4><br>
<p>Virtually all of the locally hired employees at the USA Embassy to East Germany (1977–1990) were not German, but were from other countries — a group sometimes still called TCNs (third country nationals). This was so because it was believed the extremely hostile intelligence threat precluded trusting any locally hired personnel (i.e., East Germans) in East Berlin. Many of the TCNs working in East Berlin were from Great Britain or other western European nations, and virtually all of them had to commute from residences in West Berlin. It was also not unusual to see similar nationalities employed in the U.S Mission in West Berlin, although they probably formed only a large minority, with locally hired Germans predominating. Amongst the non-Americans staff at USA Embassy Berlin there is still a large minority contingent of non-Germans.</p><br>
<h2>Pariser Platz site</h2><br>
<p>The new 180 million euro Chancery building, conceptualized in 1996 by Moore Ruble Yudell, has its main entrance facing north towards the famous Pariser Platz. Its eastern side abuts an existing bank building, and the west side of the land faces a main highway. The south side also faces a street, towards the German Holocaust memorial. Pariser Platz is most famous for the Brandenburg Gate at its western entrance. The small Haus Sommer building, also housing a bank, is in between the northwest corner of the new USA Chancery and the Brandenburg Gate. Close to the Pariser Platz and the new Chancery is the Reichstag building, home to the German Bundestag. Located on Pariser Platz, or on the same city blocks that surround Pariser Platz are the French and British embassies as well as the Hotel Adlon. With the exception of the Brandenburg gate, which was heavily damaged in World War II, all other former structures that surrounded Pariser Platz were destroyed during the war, or else demolished by the East German government by about 1960. From 1960 through the German Reunification in 1990, Pariser Platz held only open fields on both sides of the major boulevard Unter den Linden. In 1992, the governments decided that a new American embassy building would be built on the site, and in 1993 a memorial announcing these plans was placed in the open field.</p><br>
<p>Construction of all of the replacement buildings on Pariser Platz was begun in the mid-1990s, and by the late 1990s, this construction was complete, but with one exception: the proposed building for the American Embassy. The United States was the last large Allied nation to have its plans for an embassy building in Berlin carried out. France has moved into its new Chancery in 2000, and the United Kingdom did the same thing in 2002. Both of these are in the area of the Pariser Platz.</p><br>
<p>The design for the new Chancery, by American architectural firm Moore Ruble Yudell Architects & Planners, was finalized in 1996. Since that time, and until construction started in 2004, parts of the building design were changed many times, largely due to security considerations and the sometimes conflicting wishes of the Berlin government to retain free public access around all building on the Pariser Platz site. Delays in funding by the USA Congress delayed construction further, and the project languished for a time. Nevertheless, waivers to USA government security standards were in place virtually from the beginning. After the 1998 United States embassy bombings and the subsequent focus on embassy security, the waiver of security standards was rescinded by the Diplomatic Security Service, the law enforcement and security arm of the USA State Department. High-level talks between the USA and German governments over security issues at the Pariser Platz site took place for almost five years before an agreement was reached and a new security waiver was issued, this time by USA Secretary of State Colin Powell. The security waiver stood after the September 11 attacks in America in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The main sticking points for the USA side had been the amount of stand-off distance between the public street and the embassy facade, with fears of a vehicle-borne bomb being the biggest factor taken into consideration. The proposed realignment of the street on the west side of the proposed Chancery was met with alarm by historical preservationists, who argued that the street realignment would take away from the Brandenburg gate&#39;s appearance. Also, on the south side of the proposed Chancery is the recently completed German national Holocaust memorial, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. This memorial itself was mired in deep controversy during its planning and construction. There had been concerns that moving the street south of the proposed Chancery might impinge on the Holocaust memorial.</p><br>
<p>Slight variation to the above referenced streets bordering the Chancery site were agreed upon by the USA State Department. Anti-ram bollards that fit architecturally with Pariser Platz were also agreed upon.</p><br>
<p>On October 6, 2004 construction began. The completion of the main structural parts of the building on October 10, 2006, was cause for a German construction ritual called Richtfest (i.e., the topping-out ceremony).</p><br>
<p>The new Chancery building is not large enough to accommodate the large number of personnel of the American Embassy. The Clay Allee building continued to be used. Parking is limited at the new Chancery.</p><br>
<p>The German news media strongly criticized the aesthetics of the new American embassy building, often calling it banal and ugly — especially as compared with the embassies of many other nations in Berlin. For example, the German daily newspaper Die Welt ran the headline "Ugly but safe - the new US-Embassy"</p><br>
<h2>Mission Germany</h2><br>
<p>The American Embassy in Berlin oversees all of the American diplomatic functions in Germany, including the American consulates in Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Leipzig, and Munich. There are also a few additional offices located in Bonn, the former federal capital, but there is no consulate there.</p><br>
<p>The USA Department of State refers to group of related offices as "Mission Germany". Each consulate operates in a designated consular region composed of one to five German states, with the American consulate in Frankfurt having additional regional responsibilities in Europe and other nearby areas. American Consulates General have these areas of responsibility:</p><br>
<p>American Consulate General in Düsseldorf covers the most populous state: North Rhine-Westphalia</p><br>
<p>Consulate General of the United States in Frankfurt covers Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate, Baden-Württemberg, and Saarland</p><br>
<p>American Consulate General in Hamburg covers Bremen, Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, and Schleswig-Holstein</p><br>
<p>American Consulate General in Leipzig covers Saxony, Thuringia, and Saxony-Anhalt</p><br>
<p>Consulate General of the United States in Munich covers the largest Bundesland of Bavaria</p><br>
<p>The Consulate General of the United States in Frankfurt is the largest American Consulate General in the world. It is the home of the overseas offices of the USA Department of State and numerous Federal agencies whose officers travel from Frankfurt in carrying out their regional duties.</p><br>
<h2>Amerika Haus Berlin</h2><br>
<p>From 1946 until 2006, the Amerika Haus Berlin, located near the Zoo station and the Kurfürstendamm, provided an opportunity for German citizens to learn about American culture and politics and engage in discussion about the Transatlantic relationship. For many years a somewhat autonomous operation of the former USA Information Agency (USIA), it was later brought under the umbrella of the head of USA Mission Berlin, and lost its independence, when in the late 1990s USIA was absorbed into the State Department. In 2006, the America Haus was closed and the building returned to the city of Berlin.</p><br>
<h2>Former Ambassadors and significant embassy personnel</h2><br>
<p>For historic West Germany and Unified Germany see:</p><br>
<p>United States Ambassador to Germany</p><br>
<p>For East Germany see:</p><br>
<p>United States Ambassador to East Germany</p><br>
<p>Significant personnel:</p><br>
<p>Alexander C. Kirk</p><br>
<p>Leland B. Morris</p><br>
<p>George F. Kennan</p><br>
<p>E. Allan Lightner (head of USA Mission Berlin 1959-1963)</p><br>
<p>Harry J. Gilmore (last head of USA Mission Berlin, became the first Principal Officer of Embassy Office Berlin in October 1990)</p><br>
<p>Richard M. Miles Principal Officer Embassy Office Berlin 1991-1992</p><br>
<h2>Controversies</h2><br>
<p>In the context of the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures it became obvious that the top floor of the Berlin embassy has been used for tapping mobile phone calls in the whole Berlin government district, including the mobile phone of Chancellor Angela Merkel. Both the British investigative journalist Duncan Campbell and NSA expert James Bradford recognised a special shielding made from dielectric material such as used to veneer the top floors of other USA embassies in the world, which are accused of hosting operations of the worldwide Special Collection Service program. The claims have been underpinned by thermographic photos published by the German television network ARD, showing an intense emission of infrared radiation in the suspected top floor rooms.</p><br>
<p>Oxford Furnace is located in Oxford Township, Warren County, New Jersey, United States. The furnace was built in 1741 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 6, 1977.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oxford Furnace was a furnace used for smelting iron located in Oxford Township, in Warren County, New Jersey, United States. Built in 1741, it was the third furnace in colonial New Jersey and the first constructed at a site where iron ore was mined. The first two furnaces (Tinton Falls and Mount Holly) extracted ore from bogs in South Jersey, impure deposits called bog iron.</p><br>
<p>The furnace was built by Jonathan Robeson and Joseph Shippen, Jr., both of Philadelphia, and owned by the Shippen family who lived nearby in Shippen Manor. A grist mill was built adjacent to the furnace in 1813. In 1835, it was the site of America&#39;s first successful use of the hot blast, in which preheated air was blown into the furnace, cutting production time.</p><br>
<p>Oxford Furnace operated the longest of any of the colonial furnaces, not being "blown out" until 1884.</p><br>
<p>The nearby Methodist Church was built from the old grist mill in 1913. A restoration of the furnace occurred between 1997 and 2001.</p><br>
<p>Though worn down by time, much of the site still stands. Oxford Furnace is listed on the State and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Notable residents of Oxford Furnace include George M. Robeson (1829–1897), Union Army general during the American Civil War, and United States Secretary of the Navy during the Ulysses S. Grant administration.</p><br>
<p>Bottle Lake Forest is a production forest and recreational park located in Christchurch, New Zealand, approximately 10 km north-east of the city centre. It makes up the vast majority of the area of the suburb Bottle Lake. The visitor centre at the Forest&#39;s entry from Waitikiri Drive provides visitors with information about the different roles of Bottle Lake Forest. It also provides fresh water access, toilet facilities and parking.</p><br>
<h2>Production forest</h2><br>
<p>The forest consists of Pinus radiata (pine) trees. It was planted in the early 1900s and covers 800 hectares of land, stretching from Burwood to Spencerville, and to Pegasus Bay on the east coast. Trees are felled and logged in a 30-year rotation by the Selwyn Plantation Board.</p><br>
<h2>Forest and wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Bottle Lake Forest also includes a number of native understory plants. Throughout the forest lies a carpet of indigenous moss, lichens, and common ferns - such as bracken, pigfern, chain fern, and water fern. Nearer the coast marram grass and tree lupin grow. During the autumn wood mulch and pine needles provide a habitat for several species of mushroom.</p><br>
<p>Different species of bird can be found. Different stages of forest production provide different habitats, so bird life varies accordingly. There is currently a trapping programme to reduce numbers of cats, ferrets, and possums, as well as other pests, such as stoats, rabbits, feral cats, rats, hares, and stray dogs.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational Park</h2><br>
<p>Bottle Lake Forest Park is also a popular free recreational park, with more than 400,000 visitors each year. Many tracks are provided throughout the forest right up to a coastal track with ocean views and beach access. The tracks connect with those at Spencer Park directly north of Bottle Lake Forest Park. The tracks consist of logging roads, which may be shared by all visitors, and dedicated tracks and trails for either hiking and walking, horse trekking or mountain biking. Directly at the visitor centre there is a BMX course as well as a trials setup.</p><br>
<p>The MTB track system is quite dense and provides diversity. Some of the tracks are oneway only to reduce the risk of collisions. The singletracks are typically narrow and seemed by trees of varying age. The track surfaces range from hard packed soil and gravel to loose sandy sections and may change due to the weather and usage. As Bottle Lake Forest is a production forest, it is not unusual that tracks get changed considerably or are closed during logging operations. Although the tracks do not feature serious ascents or descents, the narrow tracks, high speeds and curvy layout through tree plantations make it a popular and rather distinctive riding area. Racing series are held at the Park, too, with the "Twilight Series" being especially well-known.</p><br>
<p>The Sugden Reservoir is a Massachusetts reservoir located in Spencer, Massachusetts. It forms the headwaters of Shaw Brook, which is a tributary to Turkey Hill Creek, a major tributary to the Seven Mile River. This water body is part of the Chicopee River Watershed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Created near the top of Turkey Hill, the Sugden Reservoir Dam impounds the waters of Shaw Brook and Turkey Hill Creek creating the Sugden Reservoir for waterpower storage. This waterpower supplied industry in both the Upper and Lower Wire Village, sections of North Spencer, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>. The first wire-making industry in the country used this watershed for waterpower. Owned first by the Prouty Brothers (a famous Spencer Family), a wire mill that became Wickwire-Spencer, was purchased by Richard Sugden who improved the mills by creating the Sugden Reservoir in 1882. At one time, Spencer had eleven factories and twenty-six buildings for wire drawing along Turkey Hill Creek and the Seven Mile River. Never used for potable water, this reservoir provided only industrial waterpower storage. The energy storage was considerable because of the high elevation of this reservoir relative to the mouth of Turkey Creek where it enters the Seven Mile River.</p><br>
<h2>Present use</h2><br>
<p>Nowadays, this reservoir is a recreational lake with many private residences lining its shores. There remains limited public access near the dam. Other portions of the reservoir remain posted as private property. Although initially privately owned, the reservoir is now owned by the town of Spencer.</p><br>
<h2>Notability</h2><br>
<p>This reservoir has a dam, which lists in Massachusetts as a High Hazard dam. This does not mean that there is anything wrong with the dam. Instead, it means that, if it failed, there would likely be a loss of life. This dam impounds reservoir waters near the top of a hill. The residential valley below would suffer considerably should this dam fail, which is the primary reason for this classification.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>There are many small brooks and creeks in this area, which are part of the Seven Mile River, and the larger, Chicopee River watershed. Locals often use the waterway names interchangeably. Often the names change when encountering another owner&#39;s property.</p><br>
<p>The New York State Executive Mansion is the official residence of the Governor of New York. Located at 138 Eagle Street in Albany, New York, it has housed 31 governors and their families. The Italianate building was constructed in 1856 as a banker&#39;s private home. Samuel Tilden became the first governor to reside in the house in 1875, and the state purchased it two years later.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, various governors have affected the residence. Theodore Roosevelt, for example, had a gymnasium constructed during his stay. Franklin Roosevelt installed a swimming pool in 1932. It was subsequently filled in when its building was converted into a greenhouse, but Mario Cuomo had the pool restored during his tenure. Alfred E. Smith had a zoo built, and Nelson Rockefeller added the mansion&#39;s tennis courts. Twenty-nine consecutive governors had used the building on a mostly full-time basis until Governor George Pataki.</p><br>
<p>After a fire in 1961 the possibility of building or purchasing a newer modern mansion uptown was considered, but Governor Nelson Rockefeller fought for restoration and was instrumental in getting the mansion named to the National Register of Historic Places. In the early 1980s, the Executive Mansion Preservation Society was established to coordinate restoration of the home. Inmates from state prisons once staffed the mansion.</p><br>
<p>In April 2009 Michelle Paige Paterson, wife of Governor Paterson, announced that as a result of efforts to "green" the operations and maintenance of the building and grounds, the mansion had earned a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold certification from the US Green Building Council. The mansion is the first governor&#39;s residence in the country to earn Gold status using the LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB) rating system. The project encompassed almost two years and was initiated by previous First Lady Silda Wall Spitzer.</p><br>
<p>The Executive Mansion has been the home of three men who became president (Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin Roosevelt), three who became vice president (Levi Morton and Nelson Rockefeller in addition to Theodore Roosevelt, who succeeded to the presidency on the assassination of William McKinley), and four nominees who failed to attain the presidency (Samuel Tilden, Charles Evans Hughes, Al Smith, and Thomas Dewey).</p><br>
<p>Free guided tours of the Executive Mansion are given on Thursdays from September to June at 12:00, 1:00, and 2:00 p.m. by reservation only. Tours for school groups are also offered.</p><br>
<p>The Montgomery Worsted Mills, known today as Montgomery Mills, is along the Wallkill River at the end of Factory Street in the Orange County village of Montgomery, New York. It was one of the earliest efforts to harness the river for industrial purposes.</p><br>
<p>Founders Arthur Patchett and William Crabtree became prosperous and upstanding citizens who left their mark on the community they lived in. Many of the homes on the nearby stretch of Factory Street were built by them for their family, and their descendants still live in the Montgomery area today. The mills are still in operation too, but are no longer property of the family or used to mill textiles. While they sell yarn, today the mill is primarily an electric power generation station.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The mills today consist of a main brick building, running north-south along the river. An east-west wing built partly over the adjacent dam and its flume is three stories high and houses the Hydroelectric turbines. Another east-west wing holds the main office and store. A second brick building slightly uphill is today leased out to an architectural moldings business. One barn, the second one built, is slightly downriver in some adjacent woods.</p><br>
<p>Factory Street becomes a gravel loop at the mill. Historically there were two large tenements for mill employees at the uphill edge of the property, but they were demolished several decades ago.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The river had been dammed at the mill location since at least the 18th century, and a grist mill had long existed opposite the mill site on the west bank of the river when Johannes Miller began seeking investors for what was to be at first a cotton mill in 1813. It would be one of the earliest attempts to harness the Wallkill for industry. At that time wool came straight from locally farmed sheep and was completely processed at the mill.</p><br>
<p>The cotton mill failed before it could even begin production and nothing happened with the site until about 1870, when an English immigrant, Edmund Ackroyd, bought the property and added a three-story addition. Ten years later, William Crabtree and Arthur Patchett bought the mills, focusing its process on spinning at the expense of weaving. In 1897, they had to establish a branch mill on South Colden Street in Newburgh due to labor shortages in Montgomery.</p><br>
<p>On Election Day, November 3, 1891, the factory was burned completely to the ground and the current, 50,000-square foot (4,500 m²) structure built in its place. It would be in operation by the next summer. Another fire would destroy the Newburgh branch on May 23, 1900.</p><br>
<p>Patchett died in late 1901, and Crabtree took on his five sons as replacement partners the following year., The sons all built houses, some of which still stand, on the hillside above the mill. They would later be used to house employees.</p><br>
<p>In 1906 they expanded the mill further, extending the south wing to add drawing and spinning space. The office that had been there was moved to a new north wing, which also housed sorting, scouring and carding rooms. Eight years later, the dam was rebuilt so it crossed the river in a straight line rather than at an angle. After World War I, the mill would see serious expansion. Sometime before the mid-1920s, the Wallkill Valley Railroad added a route that crossed (and still does) Factory Street near the mill, greatly shortening the distance required to put finished yarns on trains. Automobiles, too, began replacing the horse-drawn carts that had been carrying the finished product.</p><br>
<p>1922 was a major building year for the mills, as not only was a new packing and sorting wing built, a new factory was acquired on South William Street in Newburgh. However, these investments could not help the partnership survive the Great Depression, and the mills would be sold to the Steinberger family of New York. It has remained in their hands, and in business in some way, ever since.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1940s, the former houses that had been home to the workers were torn down as the expense was no longer justified. The Steinbergers gradually switched over to power generation, selling what is today 250 kilowatts of hydroelectric power to CH Energy Group. They also lease out some of the available space and offer shipping services as well. A retail store in the mill is open to the public daily from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., selling yarns spun for knitting and weaving.</p><br>
<p>Lake Granbury is a North Texas reservoir near Granbury, Texas. It was created in 1969 and is one of three lakes damming the Brazos River.</p><br>
<p>Lake Granbury is contained by the De Cordova Bend Dam and is a long, narrow lake, encompassed by 103 miles (221 km) of shoreline.</p><br>
<p>The lake is controlled by the Brazos River Authority in Granbury.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake was first proposed in the late 1950s. Construction began on the Cordova Bend Dam on December 15, 1966 by Zachry Construction Company. Impoundment of water began on September 15, 1969.</p><br>
<p>The proposed construction of the De Cordova Bend Dam in the mid-1950s became the impetus for John Graves&#39; book, Goodbye to a River.</p><br>
<h2>Fish populations</h2><br>
<p>Largemouth bass</p><br>
<p>Striped bass</p><br>
<p>White bass</p><br>
<p>Channel catfish</p><br>
<p>Flathead catfish</p><br>
<p>White crappie</p><br>
<p>Sunfish</p><br>
<p>Longnose Gar</p><br>
<p>The lake is annually stocked with bass and in past years with catfish.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational uses</h2><br>
<p>Boating</p><br>
<p>Wakeboarding</p><br>
<p>Water skiing</p><br>
<p>Fishing</p><br>
<h2>Recreational areas</h2><br>
<p>Thorp Spring</p><br>
<p>Hunter Park</p><br>
<p>City Park</p><br>
<p>Rough Creek</p><br>
<p>De Cordova Bend</p><br>
<p>Hyde Park, also called the Hyde Park Historic District, is a section of the North End neighborhood in Boise, Idaho known for its several popular eateries and locally owned specialty shops; including the Hyde Park Pub & Grill, Goody&#39;s. and G. Wilikers. Located on North 13th Street a few blocks north of Downtown Boise, the Hyde Park Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>During all months of the year, local merchants host neighborhood events and activities. The biggest event Hyde Park is known for is the Hyde Park Street Fair, an annual event located at the nearby Camels Back Park that is organized by the North End Neighborhood Association and includes vendors, food, live music, demonstrations, a childrens area, and a parade.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul Church is a former Roman Catholic church located on the southeastern corner of Twelfth and Spring Streets in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, in the city&#39;s Pendleton neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The German-speaking parish was formed in the winter of 1847-1848 to serve the members of St. Marys Church who lived east of Clay Street. Under the leadership of Vicar-General Joseph Ferneding, the members bought the present site and surrounding properties in February 1848; their design was finalized four months later, and construction was financed by the sale of the land now comprising the surrounding neighborhood. Construction was finished in 1850; the completed building measures 150 x and stands 48 ft tall with a tin-covered gabled roof; the building is built of brick on a stone foundation. A fire in 1899 destroyed all but the church walls and German-made stained glass windows, but reconstruction began at once, and the new St. Pauls was dedicated on October 7, 1900. Light fills the interior and the proscenium is supported by twelve Corinthian columns. This brick Romanesque structure has broad Doric pilasters set in its corners and between its tall, round arched windows. It has a Renaissance tower capped with a Pope&#39;s Mitre cupola roof and gilded cross. The three arched doorways face Spring Street.</p><br>
<p>Deconsecrated in 1974, the church complex was named to the National Register of Historic Places in the same year; the buildings compose a historic district, the "St. Paul Church Historic District". In 1981, The Verdin Company, a bell and clock company, purchased the church, convent, schools, and rectory. The buildings were restored and the church was transformed into a bell and clock museum/showroom. The other buildings were transformed into art galleries. The records for this parish are located at Old St. Mary&#39;s Church.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the Ohio Historical Society gave the Verdin Company an award for its use of the church building, praising their restoration and adaptive reuse of the church.</p><br>
<p>Old St. Marys Church is a parish church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati in the United States. It is located at 123 E. Thirteenth Street in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio. This Roman Catholic parish was organized in 1840 by German immigrants, at a time of dramatic growth in the citys population.</p><br>
<p>Designed in the Greek Revival style by Franz Ignatz Erd, it is the second-oldest German-Catholic parish in the city and the oldest standing church in Cincinnati. The church is 142 feet long, 66 feet wide and with a steeple 170 feet tall. When built, it was the largest church in the Ohio Valley. The original church was dedicated on July 3, 1842.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1840, German immigrants were arriving in Cincinnati at the rate of 200 per day. Many of the men donated their own labor to build the church, making the bricks by hand. The number of German immigrants increased in mid-century, with many arriving after the 1848 revolutions in various principalities. The German Catholics built a strong community, with St. Marys at the heart of it. They also built a parish school and, later, a second school as the number of children increased. In May through August 1849, during the cholera epidemic in Cincinnati, 796 parishioners of St. Marys died. There were 345 funerals in July.</p><br>
<p>The term "Old" was added to the name of this church in 1904 after St. Mary&#39;s in Hyde Park (Cincinnati) was founded.</p><br>
<p>The parent parish was Holy Trinity Church (Heilige Dreieinigkeit), which was located at West Fifth Street and Barr Street/Mound Street, in Cincinnati&#39;s Old West End. Organized in 1834, Holy Trinity was the first German parish and second Roman Catholic parish in Cincinnati. The Holy Trinity Parish was closed in 1958 because of changing demographics.</p><br>
<p>The three buildings of the Old St. Mary&#39;s parish complex were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Seven years later, they were among more than two thousand Over-the-Rhine buildings listed on the Register together as contributing to the Over-the-Rhine Historic DistrictHistoric District.</p><br>
<p>Joseph H. Albers D.D. was ordained a priest in 1916. Father Albers first appointment was in Cincinnati as an assistant pastor at Old St. Marys Church, School and Rectory. As an armed forces chaplain in World War I, Father Albers was decorated and received the Silver Star (presumably the Citation Star which was its predecessor) for bravery and valor. Thereafter, he was assigned to establish the new Diocese of Lansing, Michigan in 1937, and was its first bishop (1937–1964).</p><br>
<h2>Current services</h2><br>
<p>The parish, which today draws parishioners from some 50 different zip codes, practices a full range of the rich liturgical, musical and cultural heritage of the Roman Catholic tradition. The Church offers Masses in Latin and English every weekday, and in Latin, German and English every Sunday. The Latin Mass sometimes features a Gregorian chant choir.</p><br>
<p>The parish complex includes a rectory and building that once served the parish as a Catholic girls’ grammar school. At present St. John Social Services leases the building from the parish to house several of their outreach programs for the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Peuet Sague is a volcanic complex in the northwest of Sumatra, Indonesia. The name peuet sagoe in Acehnese language means four square in English. The location of the volcanic complex is isolated that needs several journeys on foot from the nearest village to reach the mountain. There are four summits in the complex that all of them are located in the Sigli Regency, Aceh Province. One of the lava dome is called Mount Tutung and it has 70 metres  diameter and 80 meters  deep of an active crater.</p><br>
<p>The first recorded eruption took place between 1918–1921. Due to its remoteness, the volcanic complex is infrequently visited. Little is known about its eruption history prior the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>In the morning of 26 April 1998, an ash eruption was spotted by a pilot of the Garuda Indonesia airline. The pilot saw the ash around 3 km (9,840 feet) altitude when he flew over 7 km (23,000 feet) altitude. The local Indonesia Air Force chief confirmed the eruption from a fighter pilot who also spotted fire and thick smoke from the nearby forest. This was actually the second eruption from the first one on 19 April 1998, but the first eruption was obscured by a thick smoke from forest fires. Officials from the Ministry of Mines and Energy reported a phreatic eruption. The active crater was near Mount Tutung, 2 km west of the Peuet Sague&#39;s peak. Nobody was injured from this eruption because the nearest village is 8 km west of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Between 9 March 1999 until 24 May 1999, volcanic activity in the Peuet Sague complex increased. Local people heard explosion noises about 20 times per day. Tectonic events increased and an eruption emitted white-gray ash up until 200 metres (656 feet) height. A white plume was observed between 10–20 metres (30–65 feet) height. All activities were then diminished.</p><br>
<p>The 1999&#39;s activity was later discovered to be continued until late of December 2000, although at a decreased level. The activity monitoring at that time was stopped due to a malfunctioning seismograph. Plumes continued to rise in June up to heights of 20 metres. Rumbling was heard on 18 occasions, and plumes continued to rise through 14 June 1999. A renewed activity began on 25 December 2000 with three explosions. Ash was spread over a relatively large area. Reports of ashfall occurred on Geumpang, Lutung, Mane and Bangke villages, up to 20 km away. A glowing lava flows at night was also reported. The 2000 eruption was estimated at scale 2 on Volcanic Explosivity Index.</p><br>
<p>Lagoa das Sete Cidades  is a twin lake situated in the crater of a dormant volcano on the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. It consists of two small, ecologically different lakes connected by a narrow strait, which is crossed by a bridge. The volcano is located on the western third of the island of São Miguel. The Lagoa das Sete Cidades part of a natural landscape of communitarian interest: it is the largest body of water in the region and one of the most important freshwater resources in the archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>The ancient story recounts the tale of a bad-tempered widower King and his daughter in a Kingdom in the Western Sea. He was a King, Lord of Alchemy and sorcerer, who lived exclusively for his daughter, Antília, and who would not let the Princess speak to anyone. Apart from the King, the Princess was raised by an old nurse, after the Queen had died. As the years progressed, the princess grew up to be a beautiful young woman and able to attract the attentions of any boy in the kingdom. However, the King restricted her movements to the castle and garden, and few ever saw her. But, unintimidated by her father, and with the help of the nurse, she escaped to the local hills and valleys, as her father slept after his lunch. During one of her escape adventures, she heard a song: the music was beautiful and enchanted her to follow it to its origins. Hiding from view, the princess found a young shepard playing a flute, sitting on top of a hill. For weeks she returned, listening to the young shepard, until she was discovered behind some bushes. The shepard boy fell in love with the princess, and they continued to meet afterwards, talking, laughing and enjoying each other&#39;s company, until the boy decided to ask the princess in marriage.</p><br>
<p>Early in the morning, the couple knocked on the door of the Castle, and asked the servants to speak to the King. Very nervous but determined, the shepard asked the King for his daughter in marriage. Reacting angrily, the King refused and expelled him from the Castle, and forbade his daughter from seeing the young boy. Not wishing more ill feelings, she followed the orders of her father, but met secretly with the shepard that afternoon in order to tell him that she would never see him again. Antília and the shepard boy cried all afternoon, embracing, and their tears formed two beautiful lakes, one green, for the Princesss eyes were green, and the other blue, for the shepards eyes were likewise colored.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is situated within the caldera of the Sete Cidades Massif, an ancient volcano built on various layers of ash, pyroclasts and trachyte and basaltic lavas. It is a stratovolcano constructed from alternating phases of explosive and effusive ejecta, from dominantly basaltic pre-caldera eruptions, a trachytic caldera-forming stage and a post-caldera stage consisting of alternating trachytic and basaltic eruptions. The caldera-forming eruption was triggered by a basaltic injection into a shallow trachytic magma chamber.</p><br>
<p>These geomorphological structures allowed varying hydrochemical properties and produced many types of springs and water circulation networks (Coutinho et al., 1996). Generally, formations with good hydrodynamic properties include areas with lava flows, basaltic pyroclasts and/or pumice, while solidified Ignimbrites, conditioned by high temperatures and paleosols, such as ash, have produced impermeable conditions. The aquifers are dependent on reduced permeability, or secondary volcanoes with hydrogeologically significant volumes. Consequently, the accumulation of ash at the bottom of the craters and caldera has conditioned the formation of lakes.</p><br>
<p>Although, hydrologically, the Lagoa das Sete Cidades is one lake, most refer to it as two separate bodies: Lagoa Verde and Lagoa Azul. Literally, the Green Lake and the Blue Lake (respectively), they are so named because each side of the lake reflects the sunlight in different colors.</p><br>
<h2>Human impacts</h2><br>
<p>In the middle of the twentieth century, the destruction of forested areas in the natural catchment area of the lake, and their transformation into grassland and pasture, increased the runoff of nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, from the steep land. Lacking a domestic sewage system until recently, the community of Sete Cidades contributed to gradual pressures on the ecosystem, resulting in an overabundant development of rooted aquatic macrophytes and algae in the water bodies. The eutrophication of the Lagoa das Sete Cidades lakes, due to nutrient enrichment was enhanced by human agricultural and domestic activities, began to be noticed in 1987 and led to the implementation of a monitoring program. Measurements taken at the time, that included the examination of Carlson&#39;s Trophic state index, the measure of Chlorophyll, inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in the water column were made, showing increases in all measures. While phytoplankton populations varied throughout the year in the Lagoa Azul, the presence of phytoplankton in the Lagoa Verde persisted annually, dominated by Cyanobacteria. When temperature, light and nutrient availability are adequate to phytoplankton growth, surface waters may host algae or cyanobacteria blooms. In eutrophic waters, cyanobacteria often dominate the summer and early autumn phytoplankton, while during winter and spring they are replaced by diatoms.</p><br>
<p>As the existence of a eutrophication process in Sete Cidades lake was already known since the 1980s, the rise of cyanobacteria blooms was not unexpected by 2000. Although average total phosphorus concentration inside the lake was not very high, concentrations found in winter samples proved that there was an important runoff of fertilised water from the watershed. High levels of cynotoxins were found in 2002 in the Blue Lake. Lake water within the watershed is not potable, but recreational use, like swimming and windsurfing, were common practices, although advisories were placed along the lakes to warn of bloom toxicity and associated health dangers.</p><br>
<p>Although the lake&#39;s water quality has improved since 2000, Cyanobacteria blooms have negatively affected the situation in the lake. Consequently, the Regional Government began preparation of a new territorial examination of the situation within the crater. The Plano de Ordenamento da Bacia Hidrográfica da Lagoa das Sete Cidades (POBHLSC) (Sete Cidades Watershed Land Management Plan) was implemented to evaluate the conditions of the lake, establish methods of interdiction and monitorization of landuse initiatives.</p><br>
<p>Beacon Fell is a fell in the civil parish of Goosnargh in Lancashire, England. It has been a Country Park since 1970. It is situated on the edge of the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty although it is separated from the other hills in the Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Beacon Fell is an isolated hill 2 mi south of the main range of hills in the Forest of Bowland. Although, at 266 m above sea level, small compared with the neighbouring fells, its position offers commanding views over the flat plain of the Fylde and Morecambe Bay to the west, as well as the Ribble valley to the south.</p><br>
<p>From Beacon Fell there are extensive views</p><br>
<p>to the west, of the whole of the Fylde, including Blackpool Tower</p><br>
<p>to the north-west, the southern part of Morecambe Bay</p><br>
<p>to the north and north-east, of the Forest of Bowland hills, particularly Fair Snape Fell and Parlick</p><br>
<p>to the east, of Chipping, Pendle Hill, Longridge Fell and Longridge</p><br>
<p>to the south, of Preston.</p><br>
<p>On a clear day the Welsh hills, the Lake District hills and the Isle of Man may be visible.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The high visibility of the fell made it an ideal location for a warning beacon. A beacon on the fell has been recorded as early as 1002. The fell formed part of a chain of beacons to warn of the approach of the Spanish Armada in 1588, and of French forces between 1795 and 1815. More recently, beacon chains have been lit in celebration of coronations and jubilees.</p><br>
<p>In 1909, Fulwood Urban District Council bought the fell, which until then had been farmland, as a water supply. Under the provisions of the Fulwood and Whittingham Water Act of 1882, water from the fell was collected in the existing Barnsfold Reservoirs, 1 mi to the south-west, and from there piped to Fulwood and Whittingham Asylum via Horns Dam Reservoir in Goosnargh parish and a small covered reservoir in Haighton. Conifer woodland was planted on the fell to help manage drainage. From 1959, the fell was no longer required for water, and was left to fall into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>Lancashire County Council acquired the site in 1969 and opened it, in October 1970, as one in the first tranche of country parks in the United Kingdom. A new road was built connecting the existing single-track roads on the fell to form a circular route around the fell, to be operated as a one-way system. Car parks were added, and on the site of a farmhouse a visitor centre was built.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The park is popular with visitors. It has a network of well-maintained footpaths through largely coniferous woodland. The Bowland Visitor Centre provides information about the fell and the Forest of Bowland, and serves refreshments. Wildlife that may be observed on the fell includes rabbit, hare, roe deer, stoat, weasel, red fox, badger, hedgehog, mole, grey squirrel and the otter. 11 species of dragonflies and damselflies have been found around the fell&#39;s tarn.</p><br>
<p>Charges were introduced in the car parks nearest to the visitor centre in 2011, but parking on other parts of the fell is still free.</p><br>
<p>The reservoirs at Barns Fold are now used for angling.</p><br>
<h3>Sculptures</h3><br>
<p>The fell features a number of sculptures by local artist Thompson Dagnall, Black Tiger and Kissing Seat (2006), Walking Snake (1998), Spruced up Heron (1996) and Orme Sight (1996) however the Owl (2013) which was not carved by Thompson Dagnall.</p><br>
<p>Lancaster artist Richard Shilling is artist in residence who creates short-lasting sculptures from surrounding materials.</p><br>
<h2>Cheese</h2><br>
<p>Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire Cheese, named after the Fell, and currently manufactured in Longridge and Garstang, has Protected Designation of Origin status. Only cheeses made with milk from the Fylde or the Preston area, and conforming to the published method of production, may use this name.</p><br>
<p>Susunia  is a hill of southern West Bengal, India. It is known for its holy spring, flora and the rock faces on which many mountaineers of the region started their journey. It is also a reserve for medicinal plants. Susunia is a part of the Eastern Ghats and is situated at the north-western part of Bankura District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Susunia Hill is a known archeological and fossil site. Fossil remains of Asiatic lion, giraffe, hyena and other animal species have been discovered from areas around. The so claimed oldest rock inscription of West Bengal is located here. There is an ancient carved monolith (Narasingha stone) standing at the point where the spring water is coming out of another stone gargoyle or curved projected spout. It is also used as a location for camping and rock-climbing. Susunia village itself is home to stone-carving craftsmen. Susunia is an important archaeological site in Bankura district yielding stone age tools. It is believed that there earlier was a fort built by King Chandravarman. Some 4th century inscriptions are there, referring to a place called Pushkarana, once the capital of Chandravarman. Modern-day Pakhanna is considered to be ancient Pushkarana.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Two villages in the vicinity of Susunia have Dhokra crafsmen - Netkamla in the Saltora police station area and Bindhyajam in the Chhatna police station area.</p><br>
<p>Fern Pass  is a mountain pass in the Tyrolean Alps in Austria. It is located between the Lechtal Alps on the west and the Mieming Mountains on the east. The highest peak in Germany, the Zugspitze is only 13.5 km away to the northeast. The pass lies between the Grubigstein  on the northwest, the Wannig  on the southeast, and the Loreakopf  on the west.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The pass was created when a huge mountain slide (actually the collapse of an entire mountain, with an estimated volume of 1 km; the third-largest mountain slide ever in the eastern Alps) filled part of the valley to a height of 300–400 meters, distributing its boulders up to 16 km away. While it was initially believed that this had happened at least 12,000 years B.P. as a consequence of the strong temperature increase and intense run-off after the end of the last deglaciation, pollen analysis performed as early as 1940 had already indicated an age of not much more than 4,000 years (i.e., an event date around 2000 BC), an estimate that was essentially confirmed by radiocarbon dating in the 1960s. Using uranium-thorium dating, scientists from Innsbruck University who published their data in 2007 dated the event to 4,150 +/- 100 years B.P., i.e., to the 22nd century BC which corresponds to the latest stages of the Alpine neolithic period.</p><br>
<p>The landscape is marked by a series of lakes, the largest of which is the Blindsee. Most of these are believed to have been created by the mountain slide.</p><br>
<h2>Traffic and Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The first regular road crossing the Fern Pass was the Roman Via Claudia Augusta, connecting the province of Raetia to northern Italy. It had the advantage over the Arlberg that it was relatively passable even in winter.</p><br>
<p>Today&#39;s road is known as the Fernpass Straße (B 179). It connects Reutte through the Lermoos tunnel with Tarrenz and Imst. Via B 187 and B 189, it also leads to Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Germany. It also connects the Lech River valley with the Inn River valley. Therefore, it carries more traffic than almost any other pass in the eastern Alps, except the Brenner Pass. The steepest gradient is 8 percent, and the elevation gain from Reutte to the pass is 359 m. On the other side to Telfs, the elevation gain is 579 m.</p><br>
<p>Flattnitz Pass  is a high mountain pass in the Austrian Alps.</p><br>
<p>The pass is located in the state of Carinthia, connecting Glödnitz in the Gurk valley with Stadl on the Mur river, beyond the border with Styria. The pass height comprises a dispersed settlement with a high-altitude sanatorium (Luftkurort) and an Alpine lake (Flattnitzer See). It is a popular destination for hikers and for cross-country skiers in winter.</p><br>
<p>The pass was possibly known in Roman times, it was first mentioned in a 898 deed issued by the Carolingian emperor Arnulf. In 1173 the Gurk bishops had a Romanesque chapel erected, dedicated to St John the Baptist, which was rebuilt as a parish church with an adjacent hospice building about 1330. The bishops used Flattnitz (from Slovene: blato, "moss") as a summer residence. The pass height was devastated by invading Ottoman forces in 1478. In the 17th century, Flattnitz was a mining area for silver, iron ore, and lead.</p><br>
<p>Flexen Pass is a high mountain pass in the Austrian Alps in the Bundesland of Vorarlberg. It is at an elevation of 1,773 m.</p><br>
<p>It connects the upper Lech River valley between Warth, Lech, and Zürs with the Klostertal near Stuben.</p><br>
<p>The pass road was built in 1940 and leads to the road over the Arlberg pass. It became a necessity when the Arlberg railroad was opened in 1884. Before that, traffic mostly went over the Tannberg by way of Oberstdorf.</p><br>
<p>The first stretch of road was opened in October 1897 up to the pass. At first, the road was shielded from the danger of avalanche by protective covers, but eventually a tunnel was built, and then a bridge over the Hölltobel. The road was only 3 m wide. In 1909 the road was finished into the Lech Valley in Tyrol. Since 1936 the pass has been open in winter. Since 1948, funds from the Marshall Plan have been utilized to improve the road and make it safer from avalanches.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, plans were unveiled for a tunnel from Stuben to Zürs. However, the plans were tabled for lack of funds.</p><br>
<p>Oxlow Cavern is a part-natural and part-mined cavern near Castleton in Derbyshire, England. It is situated on the south side of the road running from the A623 at Sparrowpit to the Winnats Pass, west of Castleton, and is almost opposite Giant&#39;s Hole on the other side of the road. A few yards from Oxlow Cavern is the connecting Maskill Mine.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is a fine "vertical" cave which is dry, deep, and mostly in big passage formed within a mineral vein. Entering via a 17.5 m mine shaft of small dimensions, which leads down past a mined level, the explorer emerges at the top of a slope in a natural vein cavity. Two further pitches lead down to a col 70 m below the entrance, where there are two ways on. To the east, a descent continues down into the very large East Chamber, and to the west, the impressive West Swirl Passage leads down at 45° to the base of the fourth pitch and the massive West Chamber. A passage at the far end of West Chamber links through to the bottom of Maskhill Mine. The fourth pitch, which is a climb in the West Antechamber wall, reaches a crawl heading north away from the vein into the New Oxlow Series and the long, very tight and wet connection to Giant&#39;s Hole.</p><br>
<h2>Surveys</h2><br>
<p>JS Beck, A dyeline printed survey published Hitch n Hike, Bamford, Derbyshire</p><br>
<p>(PB Chamber) Cave Diving Group Newsletter #107 (p. 30) Apr. 1993</p><br>
<p>Old Saint Peters Landmark, commonly referred to simply as Old St. Peters, is a historic building located at the corner of 3rd and Lincoln Streets in downtown The Dalles, Oregon. It was built in 1897 and dedicated on March 17, 1898 as St. Peters Church, and served the local Roman Catholic congregation as its place of worship until 1968. It was saved from scheduled demolition in 1971 by a group of concerned citizens who formed Old St. Peters Landmark, Inc., for that specific purpose, and which maintains the building as a museum and site for weddings, concerts and other cultural events.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and appointments</h2><br>
<p>The building is an example of Gothic Revival architecture, and was constructed of red brick with a roof of galvanized iron Spanish tile. 120 feet (36.6 m) long and 40 feet (12.2 m) wide, the church boasts a spire which reaches 176 feet (53.6 m) at its peak, topped by a six-foot rooster weathervane, a symbol of the Saint Peter.One parishioner stated her father, a blacksmith across the street from church at the time, made the rooster weathervane. Its height makes it literally a landmark, as it is visible from virtually all points in the city, and has been used by surveyors as a reference point from the time it was built to the present day. It is still used as a reference point by river boat pilots. The belfry houses a 533 pound (242 kg) bell connected to a rope which reaches to the narthex.</p><br>
<p>Old St. Peter&#39;s features 34 stained glass windows, typical of Victorian art glass style. They were designed and installed by the Povey Brothers Studio in Portland, Oregon, including six rose windows. The faces of the daughters of David Povey were included among the cherubs depicted in the rose windows. The names on the window dedications include many pioneer families.</p><br>
<p>The statue of the Virgin Mary was carved from the keel of a sailing ship which sank off the coast of San Francisco in the mid-1850s. The keel was retrieved at the behest of two The Dalles families and the statue carved as a thank you for the survival of their loved ones.</p><br>
<p>The building as you see it today is as it was when saved in 1971, with the exception of a few more stations of the Cross having been returned. The Church chose not to take any of the interior appointments or furnishings, including statuary, baptistry, wooden hand-carved confessionals or pews decorated by steam press with wood and pearl trim in a leaf and ivy motif.</p><br>
<p>The Kilgen pipe organ, made of rare tigerwood and installed in 1927, thanks to the Church Ladies Society at the time, is still in place in the loft at the back of the nave, and has been kept in working condition. This pipe organ was made by the same company that made the pipe organ in St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City. The first pump organ to be used at St. Peters is on display, as well as a collapsible pump organ, transported by horseback, as the priest traveled the county.</p><br>
<p>Hahntennjoch  is a high mountain pass in the Austrian Alps in the Bundesland of Tyrol.</p><br>
<p>It connects the upper valley of the Inn River with the Lech River valley. The road leads from Imst to Elmen, a distance of 29 km. It is popular with motorcyclists and cyclists.</p><br>
<p>It is a much shorter route than the Fern Pass or the Flexen Pass over the Arlberg. The road is winding and steep, with grades up to 18.9 percent and is closed to traffic over 14 metric tons. The road is generally closed from November to April.</p><br>
<p>The pass is prone to avalanches, falling rocks, and mudslides. In 2004, an automatic system was installed that closes the road in case of blockage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The present road was built in the late 1960s and opened in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Katschberg Pass  is a high mountain pass in the Central Eastern Alps in Austria between Rennweg am Katschberg in the state of Carinthia and Sankt Michael im Lungau in Salzburg.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It connects the Carinthian Katsch Valley in the south with the historic Lungau region of Salzburg (present-day Tamsweg district) and the Mur river in the north, from where the road leads further on to the Radstädter Tauern Pass. The federal state border between Salzburg and Carinthia runs along the top of the pass. Katschberg also separates the Ankogel Group of the Hohe Tauern range in the west from the Nock Mountains, part of the Gurktal Alps, in the east.</p><br>
<p>Parallel to the Katschberg Straße (B 99), which is now a regional highway (Landesstraße), since 1974 the Tauern Autobahn crosses the chain through the 5,898 m long Katschberg Tunnel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Though the pass was probably already known to the Celtic Taurisci and later was part of a Roman Road from Teurnia to Iuvavum (Salzburg), it was first mentioned in a 1459 deed, then at the border between the Duchy of Carinthia and the Archbishopric of Salzburg. Mail was first sent over the pass in 1764. In 1929, the first restaurant was opened which later became a four-star hotel.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, Matthias Bogensperger built the first ski lift on the Tschaneck mountain. It became one of the largest private ski resorts, with 10 lifts by 1997. Today, the Katschberg-Aineck area counts 16 lifts and 60 km of trails stretching from the Tschaneck to the Aineck mountain and beyond the crest to Sankt Margarethen im Lungau.</p><br>
<p>The Matapedia Valley  was formed by the Chic-Choc Mountains of eastern Québec. Its name is derived from the river that traverses the valley, as well as the lake that lies in its center. It is situated in the southwest of the Gaspé Peninsula and stretches 375 km.</p><br>
<p>The land is primarily made up of forest and agriculture, and is home to more than 20,000 inhabitants in some thirty municipalities. Most of them are concentrated along the main avenue of communication, Route 132. The city of Amqui is the seat of the RCM and is home to 6,261 people.</p><br>
<p>The Mi&#39;kmaq people first developed the valley around 500 BCE. French-Canadian settlement began in 1833 when Pierre Brochu moved to Lake Matapedia along Kempt Road. Settlers began flocking to the land in the late nineteenth century with the development of land clearing, agriculture, and the logging industry.</p><br>
<h2>Toponymy</h2><br>
<p>The name Matapedia may derive from the Mikmaq word matapegiag, meaning "river junction", from the parts mata (junction) and pegiag (river), referring to the Matapédia River that crosses the town just before its confluence with the Restigouche River. Silas Tertius Rand, a noted linguist and source from the late nineteenth century, indicated that the Mikmaq named the area Magabegeak which means "roughly flowing". It has also been spelled many different ways over time such as Matapediach, Madapeguia, Matapeguia, Matapediac, Matakpediack, Madapeguia,</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>At the western extremity of the valley is the village of Sainte-Angèle-de-Mérici, Quebec. From north to south, it runs a length of 375 km until it reaches the Restigouche River to the east, which borders New Brunswick. The village of Matapédia, Quebec lies on the valley&#39;s eastern tip.</p><br>
<p>The valley is situated south of the Saint Lawrence River in the administrative regions of Bas-Saint-Laurent and Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine. This makes it the only region in the Gaspé Peninsula that does not border the sea.</p><br>
<h3>Topography</h3><br>
<p>The valley reaches from the St. Lawrence River to Chaleur Bay. The northwest region of the valley is rather flat and surrounded by small mounts that do not exceed 400 m. More towards the center of the valley, near St. Cleophas and St. Irène, the peaks reach an altitude of 800 m, one of which is the Val-d&#39;Irène ski resort (685 m). The southeastern area of the valley is more rugged and steep, with summits reaching about 600 m. At the other extreme, Lake Matapedia rests at an altitude of 158 m.</p><br>
<p>The Matapedia Valley includes 20,000 hectare of land dedicated to agriculture and 500,000 hectare of forest divided equally between the public and private sectors. The main agricultural municipalities of the valley are Amqui, Causapscal, Saint-Damase, Val-Brillant, and Saint-Léon-le-Grand.</p><br>
<p>The floor of the valley belongs to the Appalachian rock formation. It is composed primarily of Gaspé feldspar sandstone, Gaspé limestone, and a mixture of sandstone, mudstone, and limestone from the Chaleur Group that date back to the Devonian and Silurian periods.</p><br>
<h3>Hydrography</h3><br>
<h3>Demographics</h3><br>
<p>The geographic territory of the valley comprises the regional county municipalities of La Mitis, La Matapédia and Avignon, which cover thirty municipalities. Important economic centers include Amqui, Causapscal and Sayabec. The valley is currently home to more than 20,000 inhabitants. Its population density is much higher along Lake Matapedia and the Matapedia River than the more remote areas of the valley. Indeed, along the lake and river, the population density is 12 inhabitants per km while in the valley&#39;s uplands, it is. The unincorporated territories of the valley are nearly uninhabited.</p><br>
<h3>Transportation</h3><br>
<p>The main axis of communication is Highway 132 which runs northwest to southeast. The majority of the population in this area is located along this highway. Additionally, there are two provincial highways that snake through the valley which are perpendicular to the St. Lawrence River Hwy 297, which goes from Saint-Moïse to Baie-des-Sables, and Hwy 195, which runs from Amqui to Matane.</p><br>
<p>A railroad that crosses the valley on the same axis as the 132 defines the eastern extremity of the valley, which allows access to New Brunswick and the Gaspé peninsula. There are two trains that service the valley: the Ocean and the Montreal – Gaspé train, both of which are owned by Via Rail and are combined from Matapédia onwards.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Precolonial times</h3><br>
<p>The Mikmaq and Maliseet lived in the territory of the Matapedia Valley before the arrival of Europeans in North America. They primarily lived around Chaleur Bay, but they traveled along the Matapedia River to fish at the mouth of the Mitis River on the St. Lawrence River. Around 500 BC, the Mikmaq began to settle further into the valley. On 26 May 1694, the governor of New France, Louis de Buade de Frontenac, granted the seigneurie of Lake Matapeguia, which covers the area around the eponymous lake, to Charles-Nicolas-Joseph DAmours de Louviers. In violation of laws of the time which required a lord to develop his land, DAmours never even set foot in the valley, nor did he send anyone. He died in 1728 without bequeathing the land to anyone. This is why, at the time of the construction of Kempt Road in 1830, there was no mention of this land, and why everyone believed that they were on the Crowns land. However, Marie-Françoise Damours de Louvières inherited part of the seigneurie, and went on to wed Jean-Baptiste de Remond Moyse, who willed his share of the land to their son Jean-Baptiste Raymond. After some financial trouble, the latter sold the entire seigneurie for 700 pounds to Patrick Langan in 1796. The region remained inhabited by the Mikmaqs until 1818, when several Scottish families built houses in Métis, and many loyalists settled on the Restigouche River. These two locations define the limits of the Matapedia Valley.</p><br>
<h3>Early European exploration</h3><br>
<p>For settlers, the inner territory of the valley remained unexplored. In 1815, the Lower Canada governor Sir James Kempt sent explorer Joseph Bouchette to the territory of the Matapedia Valley to see to the construction of Kempt Road. This was done in order to connect Métis on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River to Pointe-à-la-Croix near Chaleur Bay. In Topographie du Bas-Canada, Joseph Bouchette wrote that the Matapedia Valley is a land conducive to becoming an agricultural center of importance.</p><br>
<p>Shortly before this time, the War of 1812 demonstrated that Canada was vulnerable to attacks from the United States and the need to connect Upper and Lower Canada to the maritime colonies. Residents of Gaspesia had been demanding means of communication with the urban centre for some time, as outside of navigation season, they were cut off from the world by ice.</p><br>
<p>At that time, the postal service operated via a rudimentary path from the Kamouraska seigneurie to Lake Témiscouata, then following the Madawaska and St. John rivers. The basic path in the Lake Témiscouata area became increasingly inefficient for the region&#39;s growing needs, so the idea for a new road via Lake Matapedia was conceived. To be named Kempt Road, the route not only served to connect the coast of the Saint Lawrence coast and Chaleur Bay, it was also to be used for military purposes.</p><br>
<p>In 1824, under the command of Governor James Kempt, James Crawford picked up Joseph Bouchettes torch as explorer of the valleys interior and was tasked with finding a suitable path for the important road. In his report, submitted 4 May 1824, he indicates that even if the distance through Lake Matapedia from Métis was longer, it was easier. However, he goes on to note that the terrain east of Lake Matapedia would be more difficult, even along the river, due to the steepness of the river banks. In his report, Crawford also mentions that there was no pedestrian path in the Matapedia Valley, and that it would be beneficial to the regions population to construct one. Kempts successor, Aylmer, put the project in place six years later. By 1845, only the western section from Métis to Lake Matapedia was completed.</p><br>
<h3>The first settlers</h3><br>
<p>The first European resident in the Matapedia Valley was French-Canadian Pierre Brochu (1795-1871), who in 1833 settled in present-day Sayabec at the junction of Lake Matapedia and Saint-Pierre river. He assumed the position of guardian along Kempt Road for couriers and travelers. Lake Matapedia was renamed Brochu&#39;s Lake until 1871, the year in which Pierre Brochu died.</p><br>
<p>Among the other guardians were Malcolm Fraser, who settled in present-day Saint-Moïse, Georges Brochu, son of Pierre Brochu, who settled at the outflow of Lake Matapedia near present-day Amqui, Georges Lebel who settled in Lac-au-Saumon, Jonathan Noble who took up residence on the site where the Causapscal church is today, and in 1849, Thomas Evans on the Assemetquaghan stream in present-day Routhierville.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s, the valley had about 1,700 inhabitants and, at the dawn of the twentieth century, it had grown to 8,000.</p><br>
<h3>The Kempt and Matapedia Roads</h3><br>
<p>The state of Kempt Road remained deplorable until the outbreak of the American Civil War, which generated a big enough concern for the government to finally invest the sums necessary for the establishment of a road worthy of the name. The original route had been changed so that the path starts at Sainte-Flavie instead of Métis. Starting in 1860, the Matapedia Road had begun replacing Kempt Road. Finally, in 1867, Matapedia Road was completed.</p><br>
<h3>The Intercolonial Railway</h3><br>
<h3>Parish development</h3><br>
<p>In the west of the valley, along the Mitis River on the Matapedia Road, was the first parish to be canonically erected in 1868: Sainte-Angèle-de-Merici. Inhabited since 1870 and canonically erected in 1873, the Saint-Moïse parish is the oldest in the interior of the valley. At its eastern extremity lies the Saint-Alexis-de-Matapédia parish, which was founded in 1870 by twelve Acadians. In 1860, missionary Georges-Antoine Belcourt was granted a concession for poor families in his parish, prompting him to colonize the Matapedia Valley. Quebecers were generous to the newcomers, and with the financial and material assistance, and with financial and material support, the region was quick to prosper. They were later joined by another 300 Acadians from Prince Edward Island and the Magdalen Islands.</p><br>
<p>The Saint-Alexis-de-Matapédia parish was followed by the neighboring parishes of LAscension-de-Patapédia, Matapédia, Saint-André-de-Restigouche and Saint-François-dAssise, which were also established by the Acadians. The first chapel of Saint-Damase was built in 1879 and was canonically erected in 1884. In the heart of the Seignory of Lac-Matapédia was the Val-Brillant parish, which was canonically erected in 1889, and counted more than 2,200 inhabitants by the 1920s. It was named in honor of Pierre Brillant who is considered the "father of the Valley." Also in 1889, the Amqui parish was canonically erected on the eastern tip of Lake Matapedia and had a population greater than 3,000 by 1920. The Sayabec parish, which was canonically erected in 1896, developed rapidly and numbered more than five hundred families in the 1920s. During the same year, the Causapscal parish was canonically erected and included more than 2,000 people in the 1920s. The Matapédia parish was canonically erected in 1905. Its erection was delayed due to its inhabitants being primarily Scottish Protestants. In 1907, the parishes of Saint-Léon-le-Grand and Lac-au-Saumon split off from the Amqui parish. Lac-au-Saumon was mainly developed by the Acadians. In 1910, it was the Sainte-Florence parish&#39;s turn to be canonically erected, and in just ten years, it had already attracted around 700 residents. One year later, the Saint-André-de-Restigouche parish sees its first resident parish priest. Finally, the parish of La Rédemption was created in 1936 as part of a government stimulation plan following the Great Depression.</p><br>
<h3>Economic development</h3><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Throughout its history, Matapedia Valley has shared much of its culture with the Acadians. Additionally, one can observe the Acadian flag in many municipalities in the area, notably Amqui, Causapscal, and Lac-au-Saumon.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Matapedia Valley is a touristic sub-region of Gaspésie. The valley is renowned for its outdoor activities, including skiing, hunting, and fishing. Salmon fishing is popular on Matapedia River, and Val-d&#39;Irène offers 26 trails for snowboarders and downhill skiers in addition to many snowshoeing trails. For hikers, the International Appalachian Trail cuts through the valley. Additionally, the Seignory of Lac-Matapédia regional park provides many trails through the Chic-Chocs.</p><br>
<p>Fort Neoheroka , or Nooherooka, is the name of a stronghold constructed in what is now Greene County, North Carolina by the Tuscarora tribe during the Tuscarora War of 1711–1715. In March 1713, the fort was besieged and ultimately attacked by a colonial force consisting of an army from the neighboring Province of South Carolina, under the command of Colonel James Moore and made up mainly of Indians including Yamasee, Apalachee, Catawba, Cherokee, and many others. The 1713 siege lasted for more than three weeks, from around March 1 to March 22, 1713. Hundreds of men, women and children were burned to death in a fire that destroyed the fort. Approximately 170 more were killed outside the fort while approximately 400 were taken to South Carolina where they were sold into slavery. The defeat of the Tuscaroras, once the most powerful indigenous nation in the North Carolina Territory, opened up North Carolina’s interior to further expansion by European settlers. The supremacy of the Tuscaroras in the state was broken forever. Most moved north to live among the Iroquois. On July 17, 2009, the Fort Neoheroka Site was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Serra Negra is a hill in the eastern part of the island of Sal in Cape Verde. Its maximum elevation is 102.5 m, the highest point in southern Sal. It stretches for about 2.5 km along the east coast of the island. The headland Ponta da Fragata is situated at the foot of the hill. The nearest settlement is Murdeira, to the west. The mountain forms a part of a protected area as a nature reserve.</p><br>
<p>Its geology consists of what was an eruptive complex, it was formed about 5.5 million years ago in a new volcanic activity phase. Basalt rocks are common.</p><br>
<p>In its shores at the eastern foot of the mountains by the Atlantic, a species of cone snails known as Conus serranegrae are founded, they are listed as endangered species. Also the Serra Negra true bug (Serranegrae petrophila) is native to the mountain range area and are likely founded in many parts of the island.</p><br>
<p>Adichanallur  is an archaeological site In Thoothukudi district in Tamil Nadu, India. The town is known locally as Aathichanallur, and has been the site of a number of very important archaeological finds. Korkai the capital of the Early Pandyan Kingdom is located about 15 km from Adichanallur.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological excavations</h2><br>
<p>In 2004, a number of skeletons dating from around 100 BCE were found buried in earthenware urns. More than 160 urns have been found. These urns also contained writing, which according to some ASI archaeologists, is rudimentary Tamil Brahmi. The script is dated to 1750 BC.</p><br>
<p>Later, a three-tier burial system was discovered in which earlier generations were buried in urns at 10 feet depth and recent ones above them. Soon the habitation site of the people who were buried was also discovered recently. At one point in time, around 169 clay urns containing human skeletons were unearthed that dates back to at-least 3,800 years. Locals believe that the site is around 10,000 years old.</p><br>
<p>Analyzing the habitation site, it was understood that people lived in a fortified town and it had a separate potters quarters. There was also evidence of industrial activity and archaeologists think that it was a crowded busy town.</p><br>
<h3>Site Museum</h3><br>
<p>New initiative involves setting up of site museums. Efforts are on to set up museums in the very places from where significant objects are excavated, the ASI has a huge collection of materials like urns excavated from Adichanallur. At present, they are lying in Chennai. The idea is to set up a museum in Adichanallur itself and putting on display whatever had been excavated from there.</p><br>
<h2>Past excavations</h2><br>
<p>ADICHANALLUR has a history of excavation. The urn-burial site was brought to light when a German, Dr. Jagor, conducted a haphazard excavation at the place in 1876. An Englishman called Alexander Rea, who was the Superintending Archaeologist, excavated the urn-burial site between 1889 and 1905. A Frenchman called Louis Lapique had also conducted an excavation in 1904.</p><br>
<p>In his article entitled "Prehistoric antiquities in Tinnevelly", which appeared in the Archaeological Survey of India&#39;s annual report in 1902-03, Rea called the Adichanallur site "the most extensive prehistoric site as yet discovered in southern if not in the whole of India.... The site was first brought to notice in 1876 when it was visited by Dr. Jagor of Berlin, accompanied by the Collector of Tinnevelly and the District Engineer."</p><br>
<p>Excavations by Dr. Jagor had yielded "upwards of 50 kinds of baked earthenware utensils of all sizes and shapes, a considerable number of iron weapons and implements, chiefly knives or short sword blades and hatchets, and a great quantity of bones and skulls". Rea says "these articles were taken away by Dr. Jagor for the Berlin Museum".</p><br>
<p>In his first excavations, Rea discovered about 1,872 objects, and about 4,000 more later. He said: "The objects yielded by these burial sites are finely made pottery of various kinds in great number; many iron implements and weapons; vessels and personal ornaments in bronze; a few gold ornaments; a few stone beads; bones; and some household stone implements used for grinding curry or sandalwood." Traces of cloth, urns with mica pieces, and husks of rice and millet were found in pots inside the urns. Lamp stands, hanging lamps, bell-mouthed jars, `chatties&#39;, necklaces, wire bangles, swords, spears and arrows were found.</p><br>
<p>Importantly, several gold diadems with a hole on each end for tying them around the forehead were found. Rea also discovered a number of bronze figurines of the buffalo, the goat or the sheep, the cock, the tiger, the antelope and the elephant.</p><br>
<p>He had this to say about how the dead were interred in the urns at Adichanallur: "In those urns which contained complete skeletons, and which were thus preserved by the lid remaining intact, the position of the bones made it obvious that the body had been set inside in a squatting or sitting position. On its decay, the leg and arm bones fell over and rested against one side of the urn, while the skull, ribs, and vertebrae dropped down to the bottom. This was the position in which every complete skeleton, without exception, was found; and the urns in which they were placed were all devoid of earth."</p><br>
<p>G. Thirumoorthy, Assistant Archaeologist with the ASI, who led the first phase of the excavation in 2004, said of Rea&#39;s excavation: "Above all, his excavation was important for the bronze objects discovered because they are quite unique in the proto-history of South India. Besides, he discovered a figurine of a Mother-Goddess. All this showed that the Tamil culture was rich then."</p><br>
<p>Rea&#39;s discovery of gold diadems is intriguing, for gold does not occur at Adichanallur or any nearby place. The gold could have been brought from outside because of trade contacts, Thirumoorthy said.</p><br>
<p>Also intriguing is the fact that, although Rea found a number of bronze objects and several gold diadems, no bronze or gold objects have so far been found in excavations conducted by the ASI from 2004. Besides, the trenches dug by Rea have not been located so far, although they are said to be in the centre of the mound.</p><br>
<p>Rea systematically documented all the objects that he discovered and handed them over to the Government Museum in Chennai, where they are on display.</p><br>
<p>The centrepiece of the discoveries is this potsherd with the motifs of a woman, a stalk of paddy, a crane, a deer and a crocodile.</p><br>
<p>The Iron-Age urn-burial site at Adichanallur, about 40 km from Thoothukudi city in southern Tamil Nadu, has attracted nationwide attention for three important findings: an inscription in a rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi (Tamizhi) on the inside of an urn containing a full human skeleton; a potsherd (fragment of broken earthenware) with dramatic motifs; and the remains of living quarters (rampart wall, potters kilns, a smiths shop and so on) close to the site.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in Goshen, New York, United States, is located on Grand Street downtown in the village of Goshen. It serves ZIP Code 10924, roughly contiguous with the village and town. The brick Colonial Revival building was completed in 1936, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>E.P. Valkenburghs design is smaller than most Colonial Revival post offices built during the New Deal in the state. It also features a high degree of decoration for a small post office in that style. The front lobby features a mural of Goshens major landmark, the Historic Track, by Georgina Klitgaard, that was controversial when the post office was built.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The post office is a one-and-half-story, five-by-three-bay steel frame building that occupies most of the lot on the north side of Grand between Canal and Main streets. It is faced in Harvard-style brick laid in common bond. The foundation is done in molded brick except for a stonework area near the entrance.</p><br>
<p>A three-bay front pavilion, projected slightly, contains the entrance area, framed with engaged pilasters supporting a plain entablature and denticulated pediment with a cast iron eagle and "UNITED STATES POST OFFICE GOSHEN NEW YORK" in bronze letters on the tympanum. It is flanked by two windows with cast-stone trim and cast iron lanterns. The front windows are shallow-arched, with brick surrounds, keystones and spring blocks.</p><br>
<p>The steeply pitched gabled roof is tiled in slate and topped by an octagonal cupola with louvered openings, a copper dome and weather vane. The roofline is marked by a modillioned cornice with side returns.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the vestibule is finished in the original wood. It gives onto the lobby, with a terrazzo floor. The walls have vertical-planked wooden wainscoting topped by modillions. They rise to a coved ceiling with stepped panels.</p><br>
<p>The original light fixtures has been replaced with fluorescent lights, but otherwise the customer service windows and teller bays are intact save where one of the latter has been replaced with bronze lockboxes. Klitgaards 55" by 11&#39; (1.7 by 3.4 m) mural, "The Running of the Hambletonian Stake", depicting a harness race at the nearby Historic Track, is just below the ceiling on the east wall.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>Smaller than most other small Colonial Revival Depression-era post offices in New York, the Goshen design does not appear to have been duplicated elsewhere in New York as others were (such as Sufferns and Waverlys). Valkenburgh&#39;s other New York post office, in Catskill, another small Hudson Valley county seat, is distinctly different.</p><br>
<p>The building does, however, share with some other contemporary Colonial Revival post offices, such as Dobbs Ferry and Hudson Falls its fine detail. Those buildings, too, share steep gable roofs, ornamented ends and classically inspired entryways.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Goshen&#39;s first post office was built shortly after the Revolution. Over the years it was operated from several different buildings in the village. The current building was one of many authorized by Congress in a 1931 amendment to the Public Buildings Act of 1926, when it expanded the scope of the program in response to rising unemployment at the start of the Depression. Funds were not appropriated until 1934.</p><br>
<p>The site chosen, across from what was then the Erie Railroad station, now the headquarters of the village police department, had been vacant since the Elmo Hotel burned down in 1920. In November 1934 it was condemned by the Treasury Department, the Post Office&#39;s then-parent agency. Samuel Plato was awarded the $85,000 ($ in contemporary dollars) contract and construction of the new building was completed in early 1936.</p><br>
<p>Klitgaards mural was added the following year. Postal murals of the era were supposed to focus on local history and contemporary life, but the Treasury Departments Fine Arts Section strongly objected to her intention to paint the track, since it considered harness racing to be an inappropriate subject for public art, asking her to paint a local landscape instead. The community indicated its strong support of the track, and she was allowed to paint it.</p><br>
<p>There have been few modifications to the building since then, primarily in the rear portions of the interior. In 1978, a wheelchair access ramp was built on the front.</p><br>
<p>Austfonna is an ice cap located on Nordaustlandet in the Svalbard archipelago in Norway. Covering an area of 8,492 km it is the largest ice cap by area and with 1,900 km  the second largest by volume in Europe, after the Vatnajökull in Iceland , and the seventh largest in the world.</p><br>
<p>Austfonna has a thickness of up to 560 metres (235 meters average thickness), and is 200 km in circumference. The ice dome reaches an elevation of 783 meters above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The southern third of Austfonna is sometimes called Sørfonna, which is a separate ice cap, separated from the main part of Austfonna by a long, ice-filled depression, and forming a separate crestal dome.</p><br>
<p>Vegafonna in the southwest is also connected to Austfonna proper, specifically to (Sørfonna), and is separated from it by Erica Valley. Vegafonna also forms a separate dome. Immediately west of Vegafonna is Glittne ice cap, which is considered part of the former.</p><br>
<p>Vestfonna in the northwest of the island is a totally separate ice cap (the third largest of Svalbard and Norway).</p><br>
<p>Simi Peak is a peak in the Simi Hills in Southern California. It is the highest peak in the Simi Hills, at 2,405 feet .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Simi Peak is located in eastern Ventura County, California, near the cities of Simi Valley to the north, and Thousand Oaks to the west.</p><br>
<h3>Nearby peaks</h3><br>
<p>Chatsworth Peak is a peak that is also located in Simi Hills, on the far eastern edge. Escorpión Peak (Castle Peak) is closer in the hills, at 1,475 feet (450 m) and located in El Escorpión Park to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Parks; and recreation</h2><br>
<p>The peak is in the Cheeseboro and Palo Comado Canyons Open Space park, part of the NPS Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area system. Simi Peak is accessible by trail, with trailheads in the towns of Simi Valley, Thousand Oaks, and Agoura Hills, and by trails connecting from the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve.</p><br>
<p>Llyn Conwy  is a lake in the county of Conwy in central north Wales. It is the source of the River Conwy which, on flowing south out of the lake, swings round to then generally flow in a northerly direction for a distance of some 27 mi to its discharge in Conwy Bay. Llyn Conwy lies at a height of about 1,488 ft, with a maximum depth of 16 feet, and is by far the biggest lake of the Migneint moors, an extensive area of blanket mire with high rainfall - about 260 cm p.a.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>This is an area of Ordovician rocks, lending its name to the "Llyn Conwy Formation", which is identified by its yellowish rhyolitic tuffs. This Formation also reappears in Afon Tryweryn to the south-east, where the hard rock was utilized in the construction of Llyn Celyn dam.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality and soil</h2><br>
<p>Llyn Conwy is owned by the National Trust and, whilst a natural lake, is managed as a reservoir by Welsh Water.</p><br>
<p>It supplies some of the water needs of the upper Conwy Valley, including Betws-y-coed and Llanrwst. Contingency plans for drought also name Llyn Conwy as the secondary source in the zone which, along with its own supply area, can feed part of the ‘normal’ Llyn Cowlyd (near Trefriw) supply area. A compensation discharge of 0.91 Ml/d would be required from Llyn Conwy.</p><br>
<p>The pH level of the lake is reported as pH 7.5257 on average, with calcium carbonate rates at 53.7 mg/l, hardness 3 °GH, free chlorine at 0.2853 mg/l and total chlorine at 0.354 mg/l.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 the National Trust reported that it was working with its tenant farmers to improve water storage in the Welsh uplands. In this area staff are starting to restore the Migneint blanket bog. Drainage ditches are being blocked to help retain water, to reduce erosion, and to cut the amount of peat entering water courses. Work on the wider Ysbyty Estate aims to improve the quality of drinking water from the lake without the need for expensive treatment works, and to retain the Migneint as one of the largest carbon stores in Wales. Peatland restoration can help enhance wildlife habitats and restore species diversity.</p><br>
<p>This area is very affected by acid rain and the thin peaty soil is best suited for sheep grazing.</p><br>
<p>Blanket mire is particularly sensitive to climate change and this location has consequently been used on a number of occasions for scientific research.</p><br>
<h2>Source of the river Conwy</h2><br>
<p>Whilst the lake is often regarded in a general sense as the source of the river Conwy, much of this area of the Migneint blanket bog contributes water to its uppermost reaches.</p><br>
<p>The lake itself lies in a small basin and is actually fed by a small number of other unnamed streams within the catchment area, which measures 175ha and ranges in altitude from 435m to 530m. The largest two of these, which enter the lake on its north-western and eastern shores, can be followed for over ¼ mile to the upper edges of the basin, even during drier periods. The heads of these two streams, where the damp ground produces an identifiable flow - at SH774465 on the slopes of Bryn y Bedol, and at SH783467 on the slopes of Pen y Bedw - should perhaps more correctly be regarded as the uppermost sources of the river Conwy.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>A small parapet with a sluice-gate, hardly worthy of the word "dam", controls the outflow from the southern end of the lake, the level of which has not changed since the early 19th century Ordnance Survey.</p><br>
<p>There are three old huts on the sides of the lake. On the north shore, there is an old boathouse that was struck by lightning and destroyed on 5 July 1881, but was subsequently repaired. On the southern shore there is a more intact boathouse that is still in use today as there is a boat housed inside that was formerly used as a lifeboat. Also to the south of that is an old ruined hut that was formerly used by overnight fishermen as a dwelling place.</p><br>
<p>The lake has two islands, one just off the eastern shore and more to the south, which is covered up by high water levels during most of the year. The other sits to the north east corner of the lake and has a cairn on it, as well as a reasonably big grassy/rocky area.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Llyn Conwy was at one time owned and looked after by Lord Penrhyn, who kept the lake well stocked. Over 2 days in 1880 a party caught 111 trout, and a month later some 119 were caught in the infant river Conwy between the lake and Ysbyty Ifan.</p><br>
<p>In recent decades, Llyn Conwy has endured a decline in the number of people fishing there; the acidity of the water means that fish find it harder to live there, however a process of neutralization is underway there as limestone from the banks of the lake is slowly seeping into the water and levelling the pH levels so that gradually, over a process of ten years, the water will return to its former condition.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The easiest access to the lake is from the B4407, which runs from the A5 near Pentrefoelas to Ffestiniog, near Blaenau Ffestiniog. A right turn from Ffestiniog leads to an old house called Llyn Cottage (often used for night fishing by Lord Penrhyn and his friends), where there is parking and an access path to the lake. It can also be approached from Penmachno, taking the left hand turn sign posted Ysbyty Ifan. The path from this point, whilst following a Right of Way, is far less well defined.</p><br>
<p>The catchment area around the lake, whilst owned by the National Trust, has a tenant farmer and is Open Access.</p><br>
<h2>In literature</h2><br>
<p>Llyn Conwy is mentioned both by Thomas Pennant, the 18th century Welsh naturalist and antiquary, in his Tours of Wales, and by George Borrow, the traveller and author of Wild Wales, who passed by in 1854.</p><br>
<p>In his equally descriptive, though more recent, novel The River Conwy (1952), Wilson MacArthur and his wife Joan follow the course of the river Conwy downstream to the sea, starting from Llyn Conwy.</p><br>
<p>The Harold Wass Ray House is a historic home in Hillsboro in the USA state of Oregon. Built in 1935 for businessman Harold Wass Ray , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The two-story structure is of a Prairie School and Crafstman in architectural style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1920, Ray and his father Albert started what became the Ray-Mailing Cannery, which later became part of Birdseye Frozen Foods. The younger Ray bought the Hawthorn Farm from Rachel Hawthorn in 1933. The farm, then east of Hillsboro, was around 400 acres and grew over the years with Ray adding more parcels of land to his holdings later totaling about 410 acres. Ray made his money from food processing and growing hops, and also raised thoroughbred horses. He had a race track on his farm and was instrumental in the creation of Portland Meadows race track.</p><br>
<p>Ray had a two-story home built on the property in 1935, which was designed by Portland, Oregon, architect Charles Ertz. A small portion of the property remained as Ray&#39;s and his estate later was awarded condemnation proceeds from TriMet in 1999 due to the construction of the MAX Blue Line. Cady operated a bed and breakfast at the house until 1995, and put the house on the market in 2006. The property with the home was purchased in 2007 by Beardsley Building Development in an effort to restore the house to its original condition.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>The Ray House was designed by Charles Ertz, who also designed the Laurelhurst Theater in Portland as well as his own home, the Charles W. Ertz House, that was once listed on the NRHP. Of blended architectural styles, the 4,100 ft2 two-story structure mixes prairie style and traditional farmhouse elements. Located along Elam Young Parkway at Orenco Creek, the walls are of brick and board and batten siding. The concrete foundation encloses a full basement. The interior contains an oak hardwood floor and is decorated with Spanish Colonial arts and crafts furniture.</p><br>
<p>Mission Point, better known as "Mission Peak" to locals, is a spur of Oat Mountain. It is 2,771 ft  high. In Los Angeles County, Southern California, it is the second highest peak of the Santa Susana Mountains after Oat Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mission Point is located in the eastern edge of the Santa Susana Mountains. Newhall Pass lies to the east, separating the Santa Susana and San Gabriel mountain ranges. Mission Point is located above Aliso Canyon, north of California State Route 118 (Ronald Reagan freeway) between Porter Ranch and Granada Hills in the San Fernando Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Mountain hiking and mountain biking are popular in this area. The view from the top of Mission Point is striking, taking in most of the San Fernando Valley. In clear weather, one can see the Pacific Ocean and Downtown Los Angeles. Once at the top, there is a monument dedicated to Mario A. Decampos M.D. (5/26/1924–2/17/1984) with the inscription:</p><br>
<p>There are at least two trails up to Mission Point. One begins at the end (the farthest from the entrance) of O&#39;Melveny Park. Continue until you reach a split and take the trail going up. The other trailhead is at the end of Neon Way. Watch for a pond (with live goldfish) to the east of the trail near the beginning (bottom). From that trailhead, you will see a gas line that also goes up to Mission Point. For those eager for a challenge, it is possible to go directly up in parallel with the gas line.</p><br>
<h3>Trail closure</h3><br>
<p>As of October 2007, the Southern California Gas Company has gated off areas near the top of Mission Point, although it is still accessible via a newly cut trail. The area northeast of Mission Point is part of the 500-acre Michael D. Antonovich Open Space Preserve which was dedicated August 12, 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Bielerhöhe connects the Montafon valley in Vorarlberg with the Paznaun valley in Tirol. At 2,037 m above sea level, the Bielerhöhe lies in the Vorarlberg region, due north of the Silvretta Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The Bielerhöhe is the highest reachable point of the Silvretta high alpine road, a toll road over the Bielerhöhe. Due to its exposed location the road is closed to normal traffic in winter (from November to April) at which time it can be reached only by cable car from Partenen, and then, using a taxi service, through a tunnel owned by the Vorarlberger Illwerke AG, followed by the last stretch along the mountain pass road.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Location and Landscape</h3><br>
<p>The Bielerhöhe lies on the watershed between the Rhine and Danube. The valleys on either side of the Bielerhöhe are called Vermunt; the Great Vermunt and the Swiss Vermunt on the Vorarlberg side close to what is known today as the Vermunt reservoir, and the Small Vermunt on the Tirol side. The former give rise to the upper reaches of the Ill on its way to the Rhine, the Vermunt brook flows into the latter on its way to the Trisanna and Inn rivers. The top of the pass lies in Vorarlberg, the state border with Tirol runs a little to the east and over the Zeinisjoch.</p><br>
<p>The lower reaches of the Ochsen valley, which branches off towards the Piz Buin in the south, are submerged in the Silvretta reservoir which dominates the Bierlerhöhe. In order to control the water discharge of the Ill, the reservoir has been extended from the Ochsen valley towards the top of the pass, and is secured with dams in both directions.</p><br>
<p>The name Bielerhöhe refers to two locations: the two kilometers of relatively flat landscape between two steep inclines along with the small rise on the northern flank of the pass (2,071m) over which a hiking trail leads, as well as the highest point of the road (2,032m). The original Bielerhöhe (2,021m) has also disappeared under the dam.</p><br>
<p>The Bierlerspitze (2,545m) is to the north of the Bielerhöhe, and to the south the Hohes Rad (2,934m) and the Lobspitzen (2,873m at their highest point). Between the two the Piz Buin dominates from a distance.</p><br>
<h3>The Bielerhöhe community</h3><br>
<p>The Madlenerhaus, a German Alpine Club base, is situated close to the highest point of the pass, as well as guest houses and hotels. Of architectural interest is the Silvrettahaus, built as a base for the Illwerk AG in 1991/92, and which also serves as a hotel. The little church, the Barbara Chapel, dates back to the power station construction activities in the 1960s. It was built between 1965 and 1967 to commemorate power station building workers who had died, is dedicated to the patron saint of mountain engineers, and serves as the chapel for the community.</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<h3>Silvretta reservoir</h3><br>
<p>The Silvetta reservoir stands at exactly the same elevation as the pass and is the highest of the Ill power plant group. The Ill has its source south of the pass, close to which it would occasionally change its path and instead of heading west towards the Rhine, it would sometimes flow eastwards into the Inn. The reservoir brought this to an end; not only does it accumulate water from the Ill, but its two dams regulate the direction of outflow.</p><br>
<p>Originally constructed solely for the power plant, the reservoir has developed into a popular tourist attraction and today is also a fishing destination. A feature is a boat tour with the motorboat Silvretta, Europe&#39;s only regular motorboat transport over 2,000 m above sea level. This feature can however not be used at the moment as the service was discontinued due to a technical defect in the 2011 season, and since then has not been reintroduced.</p><br>
<h3>Highest Point of the Silvretta high alpine road</h3><br>
<p>As part of the construction of the power plant, the Silvretta high alpen road was built in 1953 between Partenen and Galtür. Its route runs above the original high point of the pass which is now blocked by the reservoir. Originally only intended to be a construction road, it is now a toll section of the B/L 188 Paznauerstraße/Montafoner Straße which links Pians with Bludenz, and is in demand as a tourist route even if it is unimportant for transit traffic.</p><br>
<p>On the western slopes the road rises by 700 metres over a linear distance of just three kilometers to reach the Vermunt reservoir. This is achieved thanks to more than 25 hairpin bends which extend the road to a length of nine kilometers thereby reducing the gradient. From the Vermunt reservour dam, and with fewer hairpins, the highest point of the pass is relatively easily to reach. In contrast, the eastern slopes could be built without hairpin bends and so the road is significantly easier to negotiate.</p><br>
<h3>Winter sports region Silvretta-Bielerhöhe</h3><br>
<p>There is a small ski resort at the Bielerhöhe, comprising a short drag lift and a few kilometers of cross-country ski trails. Although the Silvretta road is closed in winter, the ski area is still accessible. Access is gained using the Vermunt cable car from Partenen to Tromenier (1,731m), and from there with a shuttle-bus through the tunnels of the old construction road which is safe even in winter, to the Vermunt reservoir and Bielerhöhe. As a result the area has two kilometers of piste. The operating company Illwerke AG offers the cable car and shuttlebus together in a "Erlebnis Silvretta Bielerhöhe" ticket. Jöring snow cat tours from Galtür are also possible from this altitude.</p><br>
<p>Furthermore, the entire area stretching down to the central and north Silvretta forms the largest ski touring area in Vorarlberg. The tourist accommodation is explicitly set up for ski tourers offering changing facilities and lockers for day tours besides accommodation (Berggasthof Piz Buin). This is unusual in Austria since ski tourers are generally not especially welcome in ski resorts. The Illwerke markets itself as "cross country ski and ski tour paradise".</p><br>
<p>Kühtai Saddle   is a mountain pass in the Austrian Alps in the Bundesland of Tyrol.</p><br>
<p>It connects the Ötz river valley from Oetz with Gries im Sellrain. The road from Oetz is 16 km and has a maximum grade of 16 percent. This side is closed to trucking. The road from Gries im Sellrain is 17 km long and also has a maximum grade of 16 percent.</p><br>
<h2>Kühtai</h2><br>
<p>The winter sports resort Kühtai is situated in the saddle. A small village, it is part of the municipality Silz. Population numbers and economic activity in Kühtai are highly seasonal. As of 2001, the number of permanent year-round residents was only 29, but due to the many tourists and seasonal workers, the population is much higher over the winter months.</p><br>
<h3>Etymology</h3><br>
<p>The name "Kühtai" is derived from the Chutay (literally: cow alp), an alpine pasture farm first attested in 1288.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>A road leading up to Kühtai was first completed in 1628, whereupon the alp farm was converted to a hunting castle/lodge. Holidaymakers first arrived in the eighteen-thirties, and towards the end of the nineteenth century, the hunting castle was converted to a hotel. After the end of the Second World War, Kühtai was developed into a winter sports resort.</p><br>
<p>Mocho-Choshuenco is a glacier covered compound stratovolcano in the Andes of Los Ríos Region, Chile. It is made of the twin volcanoes Choshuenco in the northwest and the Mocho in the southeast. The highest parts of the volcano are part of the Mocho-Choshuenco National Reserve while the eastern slopes are partly inside the Huilo-Huilo Natural Reserve.</p><br>
<p>Choshuenco, located on the northwest rim of the 4 km wide caldera, is of late glacial age. It has a heavily eroded crater and is currently dormant. Mocho is an andesitic-dacitic volcano placed above the caldera. Some parasitic craters and cinder cones are located on the southwest and northeast flanks of the stratovolcano. Mocho has its earliest certainly recorded eruption in 1759, older eruptions reported are uncertain due to the usage of different names and inexact maps.</p><br>
<p>The northern foothills of Mocho-Choshuenco are surrounded by an arc of rivers and lakes formed by Fui, Enco and Llanquihue River, and Pirihueico, Panguipulli and Riñihue Lakes. The Fui River has high degree of underground infiltration, such that in some years the Huilo-Huilo Falls may dry out completely. As consequence of this infiltration a large aquifer is situated beneath Mocho-Choshuenco. The southern and eastern slopes drain to Pillanleufú River which flows south along the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault to Maihue Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The two volcanoes have had several historical names such as Valdivia, used by Juan Ignacio Molina in 1795, and Panguipulli and Lajara, which Pedro Amadeo Pissis identified in 1875 as Choshuenco and Mocho respectively because only Choshuenco is visible from Panguipulli Lake. Other historical spellings and names for the volcanoes include Choshuenco-Pillán, Rauco, Penguipulli, Reñihue and Riñihue.</p><br>
<p>The current name for the volcano is composed of the Spanish word mocho and the native Mapudungun word choshuenco (pronounced choswenko). Mocho means short cut and refers to the headless or edgeless shape of Mocho&#39;s volcanic cone. The word choshuenco may be a corruption of the chodhuen and co which means yellow earth and water respectively. Another possible etymology is chod-hue and co which would mean place where there is water to dye yellow.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptions</h2><br>
<p>Very little is known about eruptions before the Holocene epoch. This is explained by the great extent of the Patagonian Ice Sheet that covered most of the southern Andes and caught volcanic material such as ash and pyroclast. Glaciers of the ice sheet also reworked previously deposited layers.</p><br>
<p>Some 10,300 years ago Choshuenco produced the Neltume Pumice during a plinian eruption.</p><br>
<p>The earliest historical accounts of eruptions from the Mocho-Choshuenco complex may be those in Alonso de Ovalles map Tabula Geographica Regni Chile from 1646. Here Mocho-Choshuenco may be one of the mountains drawn as erupting volcanoes east of Valdivia. In Juan Ignacio Molinas map from 1795 Mocho-choshuenco appears erupting under the name of Volcán de Valdivia, but eruption shown in this map is probably that of 1759.</p><br>
<p>On November 1, of 1864 the Chaiquemahuida cinder cone erupted, the eruption eventually ended 1–3 days later. This explosive eruption originated from a vent on the southwestern flank of Mocho&#39;s edifice and produced pyroclastic flows. According to a missionary from Quinchilca, who was interviewed by Vidal Gormaz in 1869, a strong noise followed by an earthquake was felt during one of the first days of November 1864.</p><br>
<p>The last reported eruption, is supposed to have occurred on June 16, 1936. Little is known about this event apart from the occurrence of mudflows and lahars, this have led volcanologists to consider this eruption report as a false report just like in the case of the supposed 1906 Lanín eruption.</p><br>
<h2>Glaciers</h2><br>
<p>The uppermost part of Mocho-Choshuenco is covered by an ice cap that surrounds the volcanic cone of Mocho and some flanks of Choshuenco. By 2003 the ice cap had shrunk in area by a total of 40% of its 28.4 km&sup2; area of 1976. The largest retreat by area occurred on Choshuenco Glacier in the northwest. Mocho Glacier runs from Mocho&#39;s cone to the southeast and is the largest glacier of the volcano with its 5.1 km followed by Choshuenco Glaicer (2 km).</p><br>
